Abstract
The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract harbors a diverse community of microbes, fungi, archaea, and viruses. In addition to occupying the same enteric niche, recent evidence suggests that microbes and viruses can act synergistically and, in some cases, promote disease. In this review, we focus on the disease-promoting interactions of the gut microbiota and rotavirus, norovirus, poliovirus, reovirus, and astrovirus. Microbes and microbial compounds can directly interact with viruses, promote viral fitness, alter the glycan structure of viral adhesion sites, and influence the immune system, among other mechanisms. These interactions can directly and indirectly affect viral infection. By focusing on microbe–virus interplay, we hope to identify potential strategies for targeting offending microbes and minimizing viral infection.
Highlights
Enteric viruses enter the host via the fecal-oral route
Norovirus, poliovirus, and reovirus can directly bind to bacteria, which can facilitate delivery to epithelial cells
In the case of poliovirus and norovirus, multiple virions can attach to a single bacterium, which may promote co-infection of different parental viruses in the same cell
Summary
Enteric viruses enter the host via the fecal-oral route. In the gastrointestinal tract, viruses encounter a dynamic community of resident microorganisms, known as the gut microbiota. To define the role of the gut microbiota in rotavirus infection, Uchiyama et al treated adult C57BL/6 mice with the antibiotics ampicillin and neomycin, which reduced intestinal bacterial loads by 99% [8]. Administration of antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole, neomycin, and vancomycin) to adult C57BL/6 mice impaired immune cell type I IFN responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection [36].
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