Abstract
Air pollution levels are highly correlated with temperature or humidity, so we investigated the relationship between PM10 and the spatial synoptic classification (SSC) scheme on daily mortality, according to age group and season. Daily death data for 2000–2014 from Seoul, Korea, were acquired, and time-series analysis was applied with respect to season and to each of seven distinct SSC types: dry moderate (DM); dry polar (DP); dry tropical (DT); moist moderate (MM); moist polar (MP); moist tropical (MT); and transition (T). Modification effects were estimated for daily, non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality between PM10 and SSC types. The following SSC-type-specific increased mortalities were observed, by cause of death: non-accidental mortality: DT (1.86%) and MT (1.86%); cardiovascular mortality: DT (2.83%) and MM (3.00%); respiratory mortality: MT (3.78%). Based on simplified weather types, increased PM10 effects in non-accidental mortality rates were observed in dry (1.54%) and moist (2.32%) conditions among those aged 40–59 years and were detected regardless of conditions in other age groups: 60–74 (1.11%), 75–84 (1.55%), and 85+ (1.75%). The effects of particulate air pollution, by SSC, suggest the applicability of SSC to the comparison and understanding of acute effects of daily mortality based on weather type.
Highlights
Poisson generalized linear regression analyses allowing for over-dispersion were applied to the daily PM ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) level, in relation to daily mortality, during the study period, and we investigated the modification effect of PM10 by synoptic classification (SSC) type, adjusting for meteorological variables including daily mean temperature, diurnal temperature range, relative humidity, air pressure, and rainfall
Mean temperature and relative humidity were highest during summer and lowest during winter, whereas the diurnal temperature range was higher during spring and fall than it was during either summer or winter
The daily PM10 level was high during spring and winter, whereas O3 level was high during summer
Summary
Associations between particulate matter (PM) and mortality have been reported from several perspectives, such as cause of death [1,2,3,4,5,6], PM fraction size [1,7,8,9,10,11], study population variables including age [12,13,14], sex [15], or race and ethnicity [16], and varied study settings [4,7,9,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]including global estimates [25].Looking into non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality further, several studies have refined the causes of death and investigated elevated PM levels with adverse associations with hypertensive mortality [1], stroke [2], myocardial infarction [3], intracerebral hemorrhage [4], breast cancer [5], and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [6]. Associations between particulate matter (PM) and mortality have been reported from several perspectives, such as cause of death [1,2,3,4,5,6], PM fraction size [1,7,8,9,10,11], study population variables including age [12,13,14], sex [15], or race and ethnicity [16], and varied study settings [4,7,9,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. We have hypothesized that the relationship between PM10 change and daily mortality may be influenced on a daily basis, depending on the degree of dryness or moisture on a given day
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