Abstract
Fucosterol is a phytosterol that is abundant in marine brown algae and is a renowned secondary metabolite. However, its ability to protect macrophages against particulate matter (PM) has not been clarified with regard to inflammation; thus, this study aimed to illustrate the above. Padina boryana, a brown algae that is widespread in Indo–Pacific waters, was applied in the isolation of fucosterol. Isolation was conducted using silica open columns, while identification was assisted with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and NMR. Elevated levels of PM led the research objectives toward the implementation of it as a stimulant. Both inflammation and oxidative stress were caused due the fact of its effect. RAW 264.7 macrophages were used as a model system to evaluate the process. It was apparent that the increased NO production levels, due to the PM, were mediated through the inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)). Further, investigations provided solid evidence regarding the involvement of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the process. Oxidative stress/inflammation which are inseparable components of the cellular homeostasis were intersected through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Conclusively, fucosterol is a potent protector against PM-induced inflammation in macrophages and hence be utilized as natural product secondary metabolite in a sustainable manner.
Highlights
The destruction of the ecological environment is being contributed to by various factors such as biologically hazardous and chemical waste
This study focused on the hexane fraction of distribution of the genus is marked in temperate and tropical waters
Fucosterol purified from P. boryana exhibited an effective potential against particulate matter (PM)-induced inflammatory conditions in RAW 264.7 macrophages
Summary
The destruction of the ecological environment is being contributed to by various factors such as biologically hazardous and chemical waste. Ambient air pollution through vehicle emission dust and industrial emissions has increased. It has been reported that air pollution is the world’s single largest environmental health risk [1]. Airborne particulate matter (PM) is associated with various health risks including respiratory disorders, allergic reactions, cardiovascular diseases and dermal diseases. PM has become a major concern globally, in particular in the East Asia region including China, Korea and Japan. Beijing is considered as one of the most heaviest air polluted cities in the world [2]. Though anthropogenic sources are contributing towards this, a major natural contributor
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