Abstract
BackgroundExposure to air pollution has been implicated in a number of adverse health outcomes and the effect of particulate matter (PM) on the brain is beginning to be recognized. Yet, no prospective study has examined the association between PM and risk of Parkinson Disease. Thus, our goal was assess if exposure to particulate matter air pollution is related to risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), a large prospective cohort of women.MethodsCumulative average exposure to different size fractions of PM up to 2 years before the onset of PD, was estimated using a spatio-temporal model by linking each individual’s places of residence throughout the study with location-specific air pollution levels. We prospectively followed 115,767 women in the NHS, identified 508 incident PD cases and used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the risk of PD associated with each size fraction of PM independently.ResultsIn models adjusted for age in months, smoking, region, population density, caffeine and ibuprofen intake, we observed no statistically significant associations between exposure to air pollution and PD risk. The relative risk (RR) comparing the top quartile to the bottom quartile of PM exposure was 0.99 (95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 0.84,1.16) for PM10 (≤10 microns in diameter), 1.08 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.45) for PM2.5 (≤2.5 microns in diameter), and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.19) for PM10–2.5 (2.5 to 10 microns in diameter).ConclusionsIn this study, we found no evidence that exposure to air pollution is a risk factor for PD.
Highlights
Exposure to air pollution has been implicated in a number of adverse health outcomes and the effect of particulate matter (PM) on the brain is beginning to be recognized
We examined in a large prospective study of United States (US) nurses, whether exposure to ambient PM10, PM2.5 and PM10–2.5 is section of the monitors were held out to compare preassociated with increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD)
We examined the effects on PD risk of exposure to particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns (PM10), less than or equal to 2.5 microns (PM2.5), and between 2.5 and 10 microns in diameter (PM10–2.5) in a large prospective cohort of older women with biennially updated addresses living throughout the contiguous United States
Summary
Exposure to air pollution has been implicated in a number of adverse health outcomes and the effect of particulate matter (PM) on the brain is beginning to be recognized. No prospective study has examined the association between PM and risk of Parkinson Disease. Our goal was assess if exposure to particulate matter air pollution is related to risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), a large prospective cohort of women. The existence of a link between air pollution and PD risk is suggested by the observations that toxins in air pollution evoke a systemic inflammatory response and oxidative stress [4], markers of which have been shown in some studies to be elevated among PD patients [5]. The brain is vulnerable to oxidative stress, due it’s high consumption of oxygen, low level of antioxidants, high levels of polyunsaturated whether exposure to ambient PM10, PM2.5 and PM10–2.5 is section of the monitors were held out to compare preassociated with increased risk of PD.
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