Particulate Air Pollution from Combustion and Construction in Coastal and Urban Areas of China

Abstract

ABSTRACT In China, the areas that are undergoing rapid urban growth are faced with increasingly more complicated air pollution problems. Sources of air pollution need to be identified and their contributions quantified. In this study, PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm), PM2.5–10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters 2.5–10 μm), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were measured from April to July 2009 at four selected areas in Xiamen (the downtown area, an industrial park, a suburb, and one remote site). The contributions of carbonaceous aerosols to PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were 20–30% and 10–20%, respectively, indicating that finer particles contained more carbonaceous aerosols. The EC concentrations in PM2.5 at the downtown, industrial, suburb, and remote sites were 2.16 ± 0.61, 2.05 ± 0.45, 1.69 ± 0.54, and 0.65 ± 0.43 μg m−3, respectively, showing a decrease from the urban and industrial hotspots to the surrounding areas. These data show that carbonaceous aerosols emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels in urban and industrial hotspots influence air quality at the regional scale. Higher levels of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were observed at the suburb site compared to the urban and industrial sites. Peak EC concentrations in PM2.5 were observed during the morning and evening rush hours. However, peak PM2.5 levels at the suburb site were observed around noon, which coincides with construction work hours, instead of the morning and evening rush hours when emissions from combustion dominated. These findings indicate that both fuel combustion and construction have exacerbated air pollution in coastal and urban areas in China. IMPLICATIONS Over the past two decades, China has been experiencing arguably the most rapid, dramatic, and far-reaching process of urbanization in human history. Despite the rising concern for air quality in coastal urbanized areas, emission sources of air pollutants have yet to be distinguished. Herein the authors demonstrate that emissions from construction and combustion have intensified air pollution in coastal areas. This paper addresses an important environmental issue that the public and policy makers should consider for the management of air pollution.