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Abstract
In this paper we use numerical simulations to calculate the particle yields. We demonstrate that in the model of local particle creation the deviation from the pure exponential distribution is natural even in equilibrium, and an approximate Tsallis-Pareto-like distribution function can be well fitted to the calculated yields, in accordance with the experimental observations. We present numerical simulations in classical $\Phi^4$ model as well as in the SU(3) quantum Yang-Mills theory to clarify this issue.
Highlights
In collider experiments the observed hadron yields are surprisingly far from the Boltzmann distribution expected from blackbody radiation of the hot plasma
Which means that in the free systems the local energy density is Boltzmann distributed. We see from this calculation that the validity of the Boltzmann distribution depends on very sensitive details, for example that the expectation value of powers of the local energy density is proportional to powers of the expectation value of the local energy density [cf
In this work we have determined the local energy density distribution with the histogram method in the classical Φ4 and in the quantum SU(3) Yang-Mills theory. In both cases the energy level distribution is Boltzmannian, but we have found that the Boltzmann distribution does not fit well to the local energy distribution in either case
Summary
In collider experiments the observed hadron yields are surprisingly far from the Boltzmann distribution expected from blackbody radiation of the hot plasma. The fluctuation of the energy in a small volume, is different than in a large subsystem, it need not (and does not) follow Boltzmann distribution According to this picture to assess the particle yields coming from a strongly interacting plasma we have to measure the distribution of the local energy density. This is a measurable quantity even in numerical simulations, making possible to give predictions on the observable yields which are otherwise very hardly accessible quantities. In the following we discuss the histogram method to determine the local energy distribution function, consider the classical quartic model and the quantum Yang-Mills model, and we close the paper with a Conclusion section
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