Abstract
Lead-free (Ba0.88Ca0.12)(Ti0.94Sn0.06)O3 (BCST) ceramics were synthesized by solid-state reaction method at 1450 °C. High-energy ball mill was used to yield nanopowders with milling time ranging from 5 to 30 h at 175 rpm. TEM images depict the drop of average particle size from 163 to 10 nm with rising milling time. Formation of pure perovskite structure with structural changes resulting from varying particle size was confirmed using XRD. SEM micrographs reveal significant grain growth which peaks at 13.63 μm for the 25-h milled sample. Dielectric studies indicate that the Curie temperature (Tc) remains unaffected with milling time. Piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33), remnant polarization (Pr), field-induced strain (S%) and converse piezoelectric coefficient (d33*) upsurge with rising milling time with their peak values of 5 μC/cm2, 220 pC/N, 0.209% and 650 p.m./V respectively for this ceramic sample. Hydrostatic electrostrictive coefficient (Qh) remains high at 0.041 ± 0.003 m4C-2, which is even higher than some of the commonly used lead-based materials.
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