Particle Number Emissions of a Euro 6d-Temp Gasoline Vehicle under Extreme Temperatures and Driving Conditions

Barouch Giechaskiel,Panagiota Dilara,Andreas Balazs,Jon Andersson,Anastasios Melas,Zisis Samaras,Giorgio Martini,Victor Valverde,Anastasios Kontses

doi:10.3390/catal11050607

Abstract

With the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs), the particle number (PN) emissions of gasoline direct-injection (GDI) vehicles are below the European regulatory limit of 6 × 1011 p/km under certification conditions. Nevertheless, concerns have been raised regarding emission levels at the boundaries of ambient and driving conditions of the real-driving emissions (RDE) regulation. A Euro 6d-Temp GDI vehicle with a GPF was tested on the road and in the laboratory with cycles simulating congested urban traffic, dynamic driving, and towing a trailer uphill at 85% of maximum payload. The ambient temperatures covered a range from −30 to 50 °C. The solid PN emissions were 10 times lower than the PN limit under most conditions and temperatures. Only dynamic driving that regenerated the filter passively, and for the next cycle resulted in relatively high emissions although they were still below the limit. The results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of GPFs in controlling PN emissions under a wide range of conditions.

Highlights

Air pollution has significant impacts on health, in urban areas [1]
A Euro 6d-temp gasoline vehicle with three-way catalyst (TWC) and gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) was tested on the road according to the type 1A on-road real-driving emissions (RDE) procedure at 17–20 ◦C and in a laboratory according to the type 1 worldwide harmonized light-vehicles test procedure (WLTP) at 23 ◦C
The particle number (PN) emissions were below the limit under all driving conditions, confirming the effectiveness of the GPF

Summary

Introduction

Air pollution has significant impacts on health, in urban areas [1]. In particular PM2.5 (particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm), is clearly recognized as an important disease risk factor [2]. Which component of PM is responsible for these adverse health effects is not clear. A review that examined the epidemiological and toxicological literature related to long-term exposure to PM found that, unlike the literature on short-term health effects, there is insufficient information to make clear judgments about the causal effects of PM components [4,5]. There is increasing epidemiological evidence for an association between short-term exposure to ultrafine particles (smaller than 0.1 μm) and cardiorespiratory health as well as the health of the central nervous system [6]. Ultrafine particles have a higher deposition fraction, deeper penetration, higher retention rate in the lungs, and the ability to migrate from the alveolar space into tissues and spread to organs such as the heart, liver, kidneys and brain [7]

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