Abstract
Abstract. The Indian national capital, Delhi, routinely experiences some of the world's highest urban particulate matter concentrations. While fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass concentrations in Delhi are at least an order of magnitude higher than in many western cities, the particle number (PN) concentrations are not similarly elevated. Here we report on 1.25 years of highly time-resolved particle size distribution (PSD) data in the size range of 12–560 nm. We observed that the large number of accumulation mode particles – that constitute most of the PM2.5 mass – also contributed substantially to the PN concentrations. The ultrafine particle (UFP; Dp<100 nm) fraction of PNs was higher during the traffic rush hours and for daytimes of warmer seasons, which is consistent with traffic and nucleation events being major sources of urban UFPs. UFP concentrations were found to be relatively lower during periods with some of the highest mass concentrations. Calculations based on measured PSDs and coagulation theory suggest UFP concentrations are suppressed by a rapid coagulation sink during polluted periods when large concentrations of particles in the accumulation mode result in high surface area concentrations. A smaller accumulation mode for warmer months results in an increased UFP fraction, likely owing to a comparatively smaller coagulation sink. We also see evidence suggestive of nucleation which may also contribute to the increased UFP proportions during the warmer seasons. Even though coagulation does not affect mass concentrations, it can significantly govern PN levels with important health and policy implications. Implications of a strong accumulation mode coagulation sink for future air quality control efforts in Delhi are that a reduction in mass concentration, especially in winter, may not produce a proportional reduction in PN concentrations. Strategies that only target accumulation mode particles (which constitute much of the fine PM2.5 mass) may even lead to an increase in the UFP concentrations as the coagulation sink decreases.
Highlights
Outdoor air pollution has detrimental health effects (Pope and Dockery, 2006; Schraufnagel et al, 2019a) and is responsible for more than 4 million deaths globally every year (Cohen et al, 2017), resulting in substantial global and regional decrements in life expectancy (Apte et al, 2018)
Short-term studies from Delhi have observed coagulation as a major sink for ultrafine particles (UFP) (Mönkkönen et al, 2004a, 2005), similar to observations from polluted cities in the USA in the 1970s (Husar et al, 1972; Whitby et al, 1972; Willeke and Whitby, 1975) and contemporary polluted cities in China (Cai and Jiang, 2017; Peng et al, 2014; Wu et al, 2008). Polluted megacities such as Delhi often experience aerosol mass concentrations that are an order of magnitude higher than those experienced in cities in high-income countries (Pant et al, 2015; Jaiprakash et al, 2017; Gani et al, 2019), yet particle number (PN) concentrations are not high in similar proportions (Mönkkönen et al, 2004b; Apte et al, 2011)
We correct the observed particle size distribution (PSD) for these transmission efficiency losses and calculate the number concentrations and the median diameter based on the updated PSDs
Summary
Outdoor air pollution has detrimental health effects (Pope and Dockery, 2006; Schraufnagel et al, 2019a) and is responsible for more than 4 million deaths globally every year (Cohen et al, 2017), resulting in substantial global and regional decrements in life expectancy (Apte et al, 2018). Short-term studies from Delhi have observed coagulation as a major sink for UFPs (Mönkkönen et al, 2004a, 2005), similar to observations from polluted cities in the USA in the 1970s (Husar et al, 1972; Whitby et al, 1972; Willeke and Whitby, 1975) and contemporary polluted cities in China (Cai and Jiang, 2017; Peng et al, 2014; Wu et al, 2008) Polluted megacities such as Delhi often experience aerosol mass concentrations that are an order of magnitude higher than those experienced in cities in high-income countries (Pant et al, 2015; Jaiprakash et al, 2017; Gani et al, 2019), yet PN concentrations are not high in similar proportions (Mönkkönen et al, 2004b; Apte et al, 2011). Cities with similar sources and meteorology across the IndoGangetic Plain (Kumar et al, 2017; Singh et al, 2015) and is relevant for other highly polluted urban environments
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