Abstract
Aqueous electrochemical flow capacitors (EFCs) have demonstrated high-power capabilities and safety at low cost, making them promising energy storage devices for grid applications. A primary performance metric of an EFC is the steady-state electrical current density it can accept or deliver. Performance prediction, design improvements, and up-scaling are areas in which modeling can be useful. In this paper, a novel stochastic superparticle (SP) modeling approach was developed and applied to study the charging of carbon electrodes in the EFC system, using computational superparticles representing real carbon particles. The model estimated the exact values of significant operating parameters of an EFC, such as the number of particles in the flow channel and the number of electrolytic ions per carbon particle. Optimized model parameters were applied to three geometrical designs of an EFC to estimate their performance. The modeling approach allowed study of the charge per carbon particle to form the electric double-layer structure. The linear relationship between the concentration of SPs and the ionic charge was observed when optimized at a constant voltage of 0.75 V. The simulation results are in excellent agreement with experimental data, providing a deep insight into the performance of an EFC and identifying limiting parameters for both engineers and material scientists to consider.
Highlights
Flowable electrodes (FEs) or semi-solid electrodes have received significant interest for large-scale applications such as wastewater treatment, seawater desalination, and grid-scale energy storage systems
Sensitivity of Parameters and Model Calibration In addition to the optimization, the parametric study helped quantify the influence of the number of SPs used in the flow channel, actual and the interaction diameter, D on the charging efficiency of the electrochemical flow capacitors (EFCs) circular-geometry design
In addition to the optimization, the parametric study helped quantify the influence of the number of SPs used in the flow channel, actualNSP and the interaction diameter, DIA on the charging efficiency of the EFC circular-geometry design
Summary
Flowable electrodes (FEs) or semi-solid electrodes have received significant interest for large-scale applications such as wastewater treatment, seawater desalination, and grid-scale energy storage systems. FE is a material system comprising an active material (electrode) suspended in an electrolyte solution Advanced technologies such as redox flow batteries [1,2], fuel cells [3,4,5], and electrochemical flow capacitors (EFCs) [6] use FEs to improve the scalability limitations of electrochemical energy storage. In such systems, the continuous flow of semi-solid electrodes provides the cell’s steady charge capacity when the uncharged slurry is provided as input [7].
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