Abstract
Lead titanate (PbTiO3) ceramic was produced by solid state reaction via a vibratory ball milling machine and subsequent heat treatment. The effect of milling time on the particle and crystallite size of PbTiO3 powder was investigated. Powder samples were studied using particle size analyser (PSA). The annealing process was up to 1,000°C and the products were examined by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) to determine phase formation and crystallite size. It was found that the average particle size of powder initially increased due to laminated layers formation and then decreased to an asymptotic value of ~0.8 μm as the milling time extended even to a relatively longer time. Single-phase PbTiO3 were achieved at 600°C for 1 h holding time of annealing temperature. Annealing the sample of the particles at 1,000°C resulted in a dense compact and promoted the formation of particles containing nanocrystallites. The crystallite size of PbTiO3 increased as the function of temperature of annealing process.
Highlights
Ferroelectrics are materials with reversible spontaneous polarisation.1–4 Lead titanate (PbTiO3) is one of the fundamental ferroelectric materials with an ABO3 compound structure called perovskite and the highest spontaneous polarisation among all the ferroelectric perovskites.5–14 According to the first-principle calculations on ferroelectric perovskites, hybridisation between the electronic states of A or B atoms and the oxygen atoms is essential for ferroelectricity
PbTiO3 has highest tetragonal distortion (c/a ≈ 1.063) among all members of the perovskite’s family. This tetragonal distortion corresponds to the highest spontaneous polarisation among all the ferroelectric perovskites
All sample powders went through the four stages of the mechanical alloying process, namely: (a) initial stage; (b) intermediate stage; (c) final stage; and (d) completion stage.38. It shows that the mean particle sizes of mechanically milled TiO2 and PbCO3 mixture in initial or early stages of milling are characterised by the increase in the mean particle size due to incorporation of particles of component compounds
Summary
Ferroelectrics are materials with reversible spontaneous polarisation. Lead titanate (PbTiO3) is one of the fundamental ferroelectric materials with an ABO3 compound structure called perovskite and the highest spontaneous polarisation among all the ferroelectric perovskites. According to the first-principle calculations on ferroelectric perovskites, hybridisation between the electronic states of A or B atoms and the oxygen atoms is essential for ferroelectricity. PbTiO3 has highest tetragonal distortion (c/a ≈ 1.063) among all members of the perovskite’s family This tetragonal distortion corresponds to the highest spontaneous polarisation among all the ferroelectric perovskites. Perovskite-type PbTiO3 has a high spontaneous polarisation of 86 μC cm–2, Curie temperature of 364°C–490°C, a relatively low permittivity, a large pyroelectric coefficient (250 μC cm–2 K–1) and small dielectric constant.. The usual method for producing the fine nanocrystalline materials is mechanical alloying and milling by a ball-milling technique, which has been adapted into the preparation of lead titanite. Mechanical alloying and milling method has been developed to produce the fine nanocrystalline materials of PbTiO3 ceramics. The results were assessed on material characterisation consisting of particle and crystallite size
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