Abstract
This study describes the development of a simple and easy-to-build portable automated bag valve mask (BVM) compression system, which, during acute shortages and supply chain disruptions can serve as a temporary emergency ventilator. The resuscitation system is based on the Arduino controller with a real-time operating system installed on a largely RepRap 3-D printable parametric component-based structure. The cost of the materials for the system is under $170, which makes it affordable for replication by makers around the world. The device provides a controlled breathing mode with tidal volumes from 100 to 800 mL, breathing rates from 5 to 40 breaths/minute, and inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio from 1:1 to 1:4. The system is designed for reliability and scalability of measurement circuits through the use of the serial peripheral interface and has the ability to connect additional hardware due to the object-oriented algorithmic approach. Experimental results after testing on an artificial lung for peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), respiratory rate (RR), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), tidal volume, proximal pressure, and lung pressure demonstrate repeatability and accuracy exceeding human capabilities in BVM-based manual ventilation. Future work is necessary to further develop and test the system to make it acceptable for deployment outside of emergencies such as with COVID-19 pandemic in clinical environments, however, the nature of the design is such that desired features are relatively easy to add using protocols and parametric design files provided.
Highlights
This study describes the development of a simple and easy-to-build portable automated bag valve mask (BVM) compression system, which, during acute shortages and supply chain disruptions can serve as a temporary emergency ventilator
Future work is necessary to further develop and test the system to make it acceptable for deployment outside of emergencies such as with COVID-19 pandemic in clinical environments, the nature of the design is such that desired features are relatively easy to add using protocols and parametric design files provided
Ventilators created by developers around the world can be divided into two main groups: 1) ventilators based on self-inflating bags [69,], and 2) ventilators based on compressors and pumps [139,140,141,142,143]
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is increasing mortality rates by overwhelming medical infrastructure at the regional level [1,2,3,4]. The number of motor steps to push the plunger in order to provide the desired air volume can be expressed as follows: Fig. 5. It is necessary to calibrate the system each time the ventilator is used to determine the level of normal ambient pressure (Fig. 7) For these purposes, an additional sensor can be used to isolate atmospheric pressure so that a pair of BMP280 sensing elements will allow measuring the relative proximal pressure in the airways. Since the BMP80 pressure sensors are located in the junction boxes (Fig. 1), and not directly in the airflow path, their readings must be brought to real proximal pressure values based on the results of experiments with the mechanical lung [106]. Ms Software reliability through the use of the real-time operating system Reliability and scalability of measurement circuits through the use of the serial peripheral interface (SPI) Ability to connect additional hardware due to the object-oriented algorithmic approach
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