Abstract
A spatial-temporal panel dataset was collected from 101 countries during 2006–2016. Using partial correlation (PC) and ordinary correlation (OR) analyses, this research examines the relationship between ecological footprint (EF) and subjective well-being (SWB) to measure environmental impacts on people’s happiness. Gross domestic product (GDP), urbanization rate (UR), literacy rate (LR), youth life expectancy (YLE), wage and salaried workers (WSW), political stability (PS), voice accountability (VA) are regarded as control variables. Total bio-capacity (TBC), ecological crop-land footprints (ECL), ecological grazing-land footprint (EGL), and ecological built-up land footprint (EBL) have significant positive influences on SWB, but ecological fish-land (EFL) has significant negative influences on SWB. Ecological carbon footprint (ECF) is significantly negatively related to SWB in developed countries. An increase in the amount of EF factors is associated with a country’s degree of development. Political social–economic impacts on SWB disguised environmental contribution on SWB, especially CBF impacts on SWB. The use of PC in examining the association between SWB and EF helps bridge a knowledge gap and facilitate a better understanding of happiness.
Highlights
Gross National Happiness (GNH) was proposed by the 4th King, Jigme SingyeWangchuck of the Kingdom of Bhutan, as a new metric to measure human spiritual and material development, overwhelmingly capturing global attention [1]
This paper aims to examine whether an endogenous relationship exists between ecological footprint (EF) and Subjective Wellbeing (SWB) and how many environmental factors influence SWB under different political, social, and economic conditions
This study examined on findings from previous studies, considered to be related the to difference seven traditiona betweenincluding the resultsGDP, from ordinary correlation correlation analyses
Summary
Gross National Happiness (GNH) was proposed by the 4th King, Jigme SingyeWangchuck of the Kingdom of Bhutan, as a new metric to measure human spiritual and material development, overwhelmingly capturing global attention [1]. Gross National Happiness (GNH) was proposed by the 4th King, Jigme Singye. Subjective Wellbeing (SWB), as an alternative of GNH in Western countries, aims at measuring happiness, suffering, and other dimensions of experience [2]. SWB comes from people’s inner world, is an emotional reaction in response to objective materials. It is an important issue of explaining cross-country differences, and it may have an impact on the political culture of every single country [4]. Concerning the socially important events such as marriage or divorce, SWB is obtained by opportunity costs within the short-term, instead, the environmental impacts on SWB are intangible, ignored, and complicated in the long-term period.
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