Abstract
SYNOPSIS. In neinatodes, parthenogenesis, meiotic or more often mitotic with polyploidy, occurs in the orders Tylenchida and Rhabditida. It has evolved independently within the various families and even certain genera, replacing the usual amphimixis in some species and supplementing it in others with one or more parthenogenetic generations. Polyploidy, haploidy, abnormal spennatogenesis and absence of sperms have been cited as evidence of parthenogenesis in some adult cestodes and digenetic trematodes, especially dioecious species in those predominantly hermaphroditic groups. Evidence now favors interpretation of reproduction by germinal sacs in trematodes as diploid parthenogenesis which can be continued through an indefinite number of generations in some species by transplanting germinal sacs from infected to uninfected snails.
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