Abstract
PurposeEnvironmental assessments of electric vehicles (EV) require scientifically sound and robust fuel consumption models. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel method and model for calculating energy demand of battery electric (BEV) and series plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) vehicles.MethodsThis paper presents an open-source simulation model for BEV and series PHEV powertrains. It is based on driving and powertrain physics, such as a net force approach to calculate force demand at the tire patch, and the use of motor maps to model motor efficiency. The modeling approach is well suited to include important EV powertrain aspects, such as regenerative braking and battery charging and discharging losses.ResultsThe presented method provides parsimonious open-source EV powertrain modeling to the environmental assessment community. It enables the calculation of vehicle energy demand (in MJ/100 km) and so-called energy reduction values (in MJ/100 km and 100 kg vehicle mass reduction) that are specific to each EV configuration and design change.ConclusionsThe presented EV powertrain model complements the ICV powertrain model introduced in part 1 of this paper series. It uses the same modeling methods as the ICV model, which gives it the same modeling advantages, and also facilitates environmental comparisons across powertrain types.
Highlights
For the last century, virtually, all automotive vehicles shared their basic design: an internal combustion engine, powered by gasoline or diesel, and steel as the dominant structural material (Geyer 2016)
Part 1 introduced a power train model for internal combustion vehicles (ICVs); this paper introduces a power train model designed to simulate battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and series plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, in which the engine is only used to charge the battery
The BEV/series-PHEV powertrain model has 25 input parameters, which enables many different analyses. This results section will focus on the impact of key vehicle characteristics on vehicle energy demand for different driving cycles and 0– 60 mph acceleration times
Summary
All automotive vehicles shared their basic design: an internal combustion engine, powered by gasoline or diesel, and steel as the dominant structural material (Geyer 2016). A more recent focus of environmental criticism and policy are automotive greenhouse gas emissions. This has led to the consideration and adoption of alternative fuels and structural materials, such as bio-ethanol, bio-diesel, aluminum, and fiber-reinforced polymers. All of these environmentally motivated design changes require life cycle assessment (LCA) in order to determine whether environmental impact is shifted rather than reduced overall (Sullivan and Cobas-Flores 2001; MacLean and Lave 2003)
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