Abstract

We study Toral’s Parrondo games with [Formula: see text] players and one-dimensional spatial dependence as modified by Xie et al. Specifically, we use computer graphics to sketch the Parrondo and anti-Parrondo regions for [Formula: see text]. Our work was motivated by a recent paper of Li et al., who applied a state space reduction method to this model, reducing the number of states from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. We show that their reduced Markov chains are inconsistent with the model of Xie et al.

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