Abstract
Paroxysmal dyskinesias are episodic, recurrent movement disorders characterized by attacks of dystonia, chorea, athetosis, ballism, or any combination of these hyperkinetic movements, with variable duration and frequency of the episodes and normal interictal neurological examination. Four main types of paroxysmal dyskinesias have been described: paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia, and paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia. The disorders are usually inherited in autosomal dominant fashion and have their onset in the first two decades of life. In addition, there are other paroxysmal or episodic movement disorders, including episodic ataxias, paroxysmal nystagmus, and other paroxysmal diseases such as epilepsy and migraines, that may be associated with movement disorders. Response to medications such as anticonvulsants or benzodiazepines can vary among different types of paroxysmal dyskinesia.
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