Abstract
Public water supply samples (n = 4347) from 88 municipalities in the northeast of the State of Sao Paulo (Brazil) were analysed in 21 physico-chemical parameters: temperature, conductivity (by conductimetry), free residual chlorine (colorimetry with N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine), pH (potentiometry), apparent color (spectrophotometry), turbidity (nephelometry), and concentrations of Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, F-, ClO2-, BrO3-, Cl-, Br-, ClO3-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42- (ion chromatography). The results were submitted to multivariate data analysis. The principal component analysis of 12 variable medians (pH, conductivity, Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, ClO3-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-) from 88 municipalities indicated Ibitinga as the locality with the public water supply having physicochemical characteristics unique in the region, characterized by higher relative concentrations of sulphate, chloride, lithium, and sodium, and higher values of pH and conductivity. Additionally, Ibitinga was the only municipality that systematically presented bromide in the water composition. A second principal component analysis on 79 samples of Ibitinga has indicated a sample with higher concentrations of chloride and sulphate, and 4 samples where the presence of nitrate was characteristic. Hierarchical cluster analysis exhibited the clustering of these groups produced in two component analysis. Validation of methods based on ion chromatography is also presented.
Highlights
Objetivando colaborar na promoção e proteção da saúde da população, uma das ações previstas no Programa de Vigilância da Água para Consumo Humano do Estado de São Paulo (Proagua)[1] inclui o monitoramento da qualidade da água de abastecimento público por meio de coletas de amostras para análise em alguns parâmetros básicos: temperatura, pH, cloro residual livre (CRL), cor, turbidez, fluoreto, coliformes totais e Escherichia coli
A second principal component analysis on 79 samples of Ibitinga has indicated a sample with higher concentrations of chloride
was characteristic. Hierarchical cluster analysis exhibited the clustering of these groups produced in two component analysis
Summary
Os dados existentes não identificam um nível de concentração a partir do qual este íon possa ser considerado como causador de efeitos adversos em seres humanos, a não ser em concentrações muito altas (1000–1200 mg L-1) nas quais pode ser observada uma ação laxativa (VMP = 250 mg L-1). Cabe aqui salientar que a cromatografia de íons foi introduzida nesse laboratório em função desse estudo e, embora existam métodos normalizados para as determinações realizadas[17,18], algumas condições foram alteradas em relação a esses métodos normalizados (como eluentes, colunas e faixas de concentração das soluções padrão, por exemplo) e foi necessário confirmar que os métodos eram apropriados aos usos pretendidos[19]. O trabalho aqui apresentado inclui as amostras de águas de abastecimento de 88 municípios da RRAS 13, correspondendo aproximadamente a 3 milhões de habitantes
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