Abstract
Background: The association between Parkinson's disease (PD) risk and alcohol intake is a controversial topic.Objectives: To systematically assess the association between PD risk and alcohol intake.Methods: PubMed and Embase databases were searched for eligible studies with prospective design on PD risk and alcohol intake. A meta-analysis with a random-effects model and dose-response analysis was performed. Relative risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were calculated.Results: Eleven prospective studies were included. Overall, a higher intake of alcohol was inversely associated with PD risk (RR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.70–0.95, I2 = 73.7%). Significant differences existed between the specific types of alcoholic beverages and geographic area. Specifically, a significant association existed for beer (RR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.65–0.94, I2 = 0.0%) and studies conducted in Asia (RR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.55–0.80, I2 = 37.3%). Dose-response analysis indicated a nonlinear relationship between PD risk and alcohol exposure. No evidence for publication bias was detected.Conclusions: In summary, our meta-analysis suggests that alcohol consumption was associated with a decreased risk of PD, with a nearly U-shaped association. Future studies are warranted to clarify the question of a specific type of alcoholic beverage-dependent association, geographic area effect, and possible threshold effects regarding both the adverse and beneficial effects of alcohol.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) characterized by three cardinal motor impairments: bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor, is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease [1, 2]
The broadest consistent evidence suggests that an inverse association between PD risk and Parkinson’s Disease and Alcohol Intake cigarette smoking exists [3]
Sixty of 69 studies were further excluded for the following reasons: retrospective case-control studies, comment letters without original data reported, review, conference abstracts, case report, meta-analysis, reports of the same study population, and no data available regarding alcohol consumption and PD risk
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) characterized by three cardinal motor impairments: bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor, is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease [1, 2]. The broadest consistent evidence suggests that an inverse association between PD risk and Parkinson’s Disease and Alcohol Intake cigarette smoking exists [3]. Other risk factors, demonstrated with some consistency, include less physical activity, fewer doses of coffee intake, pesticides/insecticides, and increased intake of dairy products [4]. Alcohol consumption is another important lifestyle exposure following cigarette smoking and coffee consumption and is associated with multiple health outcomes, namely, cancers, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cardiovascular diseases [5, 6]. The association between Parkinson’s disease (PD) risk and alcohol intake is a controversial topic
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