Abstract
A gradual loss of dopamine-producing nerve cells gives rise to a common neurodegenerative Parkinson’s disease (PD). This disease causes a neurotransmitter imbalance in the brain and initiates a cascade of complications in the rest of the body that appears as distressing symptoms which include gait problems, tremor, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and cognitive decline. To aid dopamine deficiency, treatment in PD patients includes oral medications, in addition to other methods such as deep brain stimulation and surgical lesioning. Scientists are extensively studying molecular and signaling mechanisms, particularly those involving phenotypic transcription factors and their co-regulatory proteins that are associated with neuronal stem cell (SC) fate determination, maintenance and disease state, and their role in the pathogenesis of PD. Advancement in scientific research and “personalized medicine” to augment current therapeutic intervention and minimize the side effects of chemotherapy may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic strategies in the near future. This review focuses on PD and associated GI complications and summarizes the current therapeutic modalities that include stem cell studies and combinatorial drug treatment.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease, affecting approximately over six million people worldwide
The key risk factor involved in PD is age and normally a wide range of symptoms appears with ageing [1,2,3]
Often symptoms related to muscular disorders initiate on one side of the body and during later stages affects both sides of the body [4,5,6]
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease, affecting approximately over six million people worldwide. 2016, 4, 1 movements such as heart beating, pupillary dilation, urination, digestion and respiratory tract functions; symptoms including postural hypotension, slowness or absence of movement due to muscle stiffness and constipation may be present during later stage of disease [4,10,11]. Sci. 2016, 4, 1 movements such as heart beating, pupillary dilation, urination, digestion and respiratory tract functions; symptoms including postural hypotension, slowness or absence of movement due to muscle stiffness and constipation may be present during later stage of disease [4,10,11] Another debilitating symptom of PD is (5) GI dysfunction. Defecation dysfunction: Clinical symptoms in PD patients appear in more than 60% of cases include colonic inertia to the dysfunction of anal sphincter [70,71]. Therapeutic aspects of defecation dysfunction involve subcutaneous injection of the Botulinum toxin or dopamine agonist into the anal sphincter and pborectalis muscle [60,73,74]
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