Abstract
Abstract This paper considers strategies for optimally deploying the parental investment that a plant makes during one reproductive session. The subdivision of a plant's reproductive effort into many flowers and fruits causes plants to show distinctive parental strategies. The distribution of gametes is far more complicated in plants than in animals. The following classes of strategies are discussed: Gender strategies control the relative contributions to fitness that result from maternal and parental investments. Cosexual, male and female morphs are distinguished by their average gender. A simple method for quantitatively estimating the functional gender of plants is used to distinguish three types of gender reactions to various circumstances, namely canalised, labile, and sequential gender responses. Relative maternal and paternal expenditures. Maternal costs may exceed paternal costs by a considerable amount in many species. Size-number compromises for seeds and pollen. The conflicting advantages of si...
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