Parental health risk perceptions and preventive measures related to Children\u2019s second-hand cigarette smoke exposure in Malaysia

Suria Junus,Mazetty-Aiza Abu-Mansor,Nurul Ain Zainal,Pravin Sugunan,Nurul-Fazlin Meor-Aziz,Hazirah Abu-Zamri,Amar-Singh Hss,Husna Mat Hassan,Chii-Chii Chew

doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11825-2

Abstract

BackgroundSecondhand smoke (SHS) exposure can affect physical development in children. An understanding of parental risk perception of SHS could guide efforts to develop measures for prevention of SHS exposure among children. This study aimed to assess parental risk perceptions of SHS and action taken by parents to minimise SHS exposure in their children.MethodsThis cross-sectional nationwide study conducted in 2018 recruited convenience sample of 289 parents with children up to age 12 at public areas. Parents were asked to rate the risk level from 1 (no risk) to 5 (extremely high risk) by looking at photographs of an adult smoking in the presence of a child in 8 different situations. The implementation of smoking restriction rules was assessed. Mean scores were calculated with higher scores representing higher risk perception of SHS to child’s health. Linear regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with the level of parental risk perception of SHS exposure to their children’s health.ResultsA total of 246 parents responded. Their mean age was 35 years (SD 6.4). The majority were mothers (75.6%), Malays (72.0%) and had tertiary education level (82.5%), and non-smoker (87.1%). The mean age of respondents’ youngest child was 3 years (SD 3.1). The risk perception level was high [mean scores: 4.11 (SD: 0.82)]. Most parents implemented household (65.0%) and car (68.3%) smoking restriction rules. Lower levels of risk perception were observed among participants who were current smokers (p < 0.001), lived with a smoker (p < 0.001), allowed household smoking with an open window (p = 0.027).ConclusionMost parents perceived that risks of SHS exposure to their children were high but only two-thirds of them had set rules prohibiting smoking. Health policymakers should pay attention to factors associated with lower risk perception among parents.Trial registrationThis study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee, Ministry of Health Malaysia (Registration Number: NMRR-18-3299-44967).

Highlights

Second-hand smoke exposure (SHS) is defined as a person’s involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke generated by a smoker or by the burning of tobacco products
Most of the parents had more than one child at home (76.0%), with a maximum of 12 children reported by one respondent
The low parental risk perception found in this study suggests that the problem of Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in children may not have improved in the intervening years and that efforts to increase parental awareness remain inadequate

Summary

Introduction

Second-hand smoke exposure (SHS) is defined as a person’s involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke generated by a smoker or by the burning of tobacco products. The economic burden of the morbidity and mortality from second-hand smoke in children and adults is amounts to USD $267 million annually [4]. The harmful effects observed in children include an increased risk of respiratory symptoms and infections and a reduced rate of lung growth [5]. Children are vulnerable to the harmful effects of SHS because of their growing bodies and faster breathing rates compared to adults. Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure can affect physical development in children. An understanding of parental risk perception of SHS could guide efforts to develop measures for prevention of SHS exposure among children. This study aimed to assess parental risk perceptions of SHS and action taken by parents to minimise SHS exposure in their children

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Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion