Abstract
BackgroundHealth literacy (HL) is closely associated with leading health indicators such as engaging in healthy behaviours and experiencing a healthy social environment. Parents represent a critical subgroup among the adult population since they are not only responsible for their own health but also for the health of their children. Previous research suggests that parents with low HL are less likely to meet the preventive and health care needs of their children but there are gaps in the available information and there is not any data available yet for the German context.MethodsIn preparation of an implementation study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 28 elementary and secondary schools in Germany. The parent questionnaire was completed by 4217 parents and included the short form of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16). The child questionnaire examined children’s health knowledge, behaviours and outcomes. For children between 6 and 10 years, a parent reported on behalf of their children (N = 1518). Students 11 years and older completed a self-administered questionnaire (N = 2776). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out. Spearman’s Rho correlations assess the relationships between household characteristics, parental HL and the health behaviour and outcomes in children.ResultsAmong the participating parents, 45.8% showed problematic or inadequate HL. The major determinants of high parental HL were high socio-economic status (SES) (r = .088***, 95% CI [.052, .124]), living in West Germany (r = .064***, 95% CI [.032, .096]) and older parental age (r = .057**, 95% CI [.024, .090]). In the multivariate model, only SES remained significant. High parental HL was associated with positive health behaviours in children including healthier nutrition, regular tooth brushing and more physical activity. The relationships between parental HL and smoking, alcohol, sexual activity among children and children’s weight were not significant.ConclusionsThe results confirm a relationship between low parental HL, SES and some child health behaviours likely to negatively impact their health and wellbeing including less healthy nutrition and less exercise. Strengthening the health knowledge and competencies of parents may contribute to improved child outcomes particularly in the areas of nutrition, exercise and dental health.
Highlights
Health literacy (HL) is closely associated with leading health indicators such as engaging in healthy behaviours and experiencing a healthy social environment
The research establishes relationships between low parental health literacy and unmet health care needs of children, unnecessary visits to emergency departments, ineffective injury prevention, mistakes in the administration of medication, poor childhood nutrition, inaccurate perception of children’s weight as well as increased risk of exposure to second hand tobacco smoke [6]
The results confirm a relationship between low parental health literacy, socio-economic status (SES) and some child health behaviours likely to negatively impact their health and wellbeing including less healthy nutrition and less exercise
Summary
Health literacy (HL) is closely associated with leading health indicators such as engaging in healthy behaviours and experiencing a healthy social environment. A systematic review by DeWalt [7] suggests that poorer parental health literacy is associated with poorer knowledge about health outcomes, behaviours and health services, higher rates of hospitalisations and emergency room visits in children with asthma as well as increased use of non-standardised dosing instruments for administering liquid drugs. The most recent systematic review by Morrison et al [5] confirms some of the earlier findings, including the association between parental health literacy and child health but in other areas research findings are inconsistent (e.g., previous findings regarding preventive care, acute care, chronic diseases, the effectiveness of interventions) Drawing on this emerging evidence, multiple recent intervention studies have focused on parental health literacy as part of the intervention, e.g. to treat childhood obesity [9] or to reduce medication errors [10]
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