Abstract
BackgroundNumerous bio-psychosocial factors play a role in the etiology of psychiatric disorders. In this regard, the relationship between parents and their children is significantly involved in developing the offspring mental health. However, there is no clear-cut answer as to which parental bonding style is more strongly associated with psychiatric diseases of patients. This study aimed to compare parental bonding styles in patients with schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder in Bushehr province, Iran in 2018.MethodsIn this cross-sectional comparative study, 130 patients with schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder who referred to four outpatients psychiatric centers in Bushehr were selected using quota sampling. The patients were assessed and compared in terms of parental bonding styles. Data were collected using a valid and reliable parental bonding instrument (PBI). Data were analyzed using SPSS software (ver. 22), Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests at a significant level of 0.05.ResultsResults showed that the optimal parental bonding style (low control, high care) in bipolar disorder (43.05%), major depression (47.7%), and schizophrenia (38.5%) was the most prevalent style of parental bonding; however, 62.30% of the above patients suffered from inefficient paternal bonding styles and 51.53% from inefficient maternal bonding styles. Furthermore, the patients’ maternal bonding styles were significantly different (p = 0.007) while their paternal bonding styles did not show any significant differences (p = 0.848).ConclusionsMost of the patients with psychiatric disorders were affected by ineffective parenting styles. The results also confirmed that despite the several bio-psycho-social factors involved in the development of psychiatric disorders, the crucial roles of parents, especially mothers, should not be ignored. It was further suggested that parents and parental bonding were important and fundamental factors for mental health promotion.
Highlights
Numerous bio-psychosocial factors play a role in the etiology of psychiatric disorders
Aim and hypotheses This study aimed to evaluate and compare parental bonding styles in patients with schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorders in Bushehr, Iran
The inclusion criteria for patients were as follows: (a) diagnosis of schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder (BD), or Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in accordance with the criteria of the DSM-5, (b) age ≥ 18 years, (c) patients who were not in the acute phase of the disease, (d) Patients who have lived with their parents for the first 16 years of their life (e) patients whose both of their parents have no history of serious mental illnesses, and (f) patients without any known systemic or neurological diseases that may confound cognitive performance
Summary
Numerous bio-psychosocial factors play a role in the etiology of psychiatric disorders. In this regard, the relationship between parents and their children is significantly involved in developing the offspring mental health. This study aimed to compare parental bonding styles in patients with schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder in Bushehr province, Iran in 2018. Psychiatric disorders are increasing and significantly affecting the public health all over the world [1]. These disorders usually occur with psychological and behavioral manifestations which lead to significant functional deficiencies. There are 20 million people with schizophrenia, about 45 million cases of bipolar disorder, and 264 million people with major depression around the world [3]. In Iran, demographic studies have reported the prevalence of these three disorders to be 25 to 31% [4]
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