Parent–child attachment and executive functioning in relation to ADHD symptoms in middle childhood

Abstract

This study investigated attachment representations and executive functioning (i.e., response inhibition and working memory) at age 8½ in relation to ADHD symptoms one year later. Well-validated laboratory measures of both executive functioning and attachment representations were used. Additive, interaction, as well as mediation effects were investigated. The results showed that attachment disorganization and executive functioning were independently related to ADHD symptoms, even when using conduct problems as a covariate. No significant interaction effects were found, and executive functioning was not found to act as a mediator between attachment disorganization and ADHD symptoms. In conclusion, attachment disorganization had a significant effect on ADHD symptoms, independent of both executive functioning and conduct problems, which suggests that the parent–child attachment is a factor that needs to be included if we are to more fully understand the development of ADHD.