Abstract
Phyllonorycter issikii (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) has recently spread over a considerable part of the Eurasian continent. So far, in Europe, unlike in russia, it has not significantly affected its food plant (Tilia cordata), but its effect may increase over time. The regulating potential of associated parasitoid natural enemies is still low, which probably allows further leaf miner range expansion and population growth. This species is potentially capable of inflicting considerable damage on its host. Therefore, it is important to study its natural enemies, especially their oviposition behaviour and biology. In this paper, we summarize the results of rearing experiments throughout the area it has recently occupied, including our own study in Hungary. Here we list 46 species of parasitoids recorded from P. issikii. None of these species are likely to be able regulate the abundance of P. issikii. Further studies are needed to determine their effect on the abundance of this host.
Highlights
The establishment and later range expansion of a species is largely dependent on the regulating efficiency of native enemies in newly colonized areas (Šefrová, 2003; Ermolaev, 2014)
A generally low effect of native parasitoid assemblages is recorded for invasive leaf miner species such as Cameraria ohridella (Deschka et Dimič, 1986) (Freise et al, 2002; Grabenweger et al, 2005; Volter & Kenis, 2006; Matošević & Melika, 2012), Macrosaccus robiniella (Clemens, 1959) and Parectopa robiniella (Clemens, 1863) (Csóka et al, 2009) and Phyllonorycter platani (Staudinger, 1870) (Marković & Stojanović, 2012)
Similar patterns are recorded for other species, like Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Yasumatsu, 1951) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) (Aebi et al, 2007; Matošević & Melika, 2013), though the percentage parasitism of some invaders [Andricus quercuscalicis (Burgsdorf, 1783)] has increased over time (Schönrogge et al 1995)
Summary
The establishment and later range expansion of a species is largely dependent on the regulating efficiency of native enemies in newly colonized areas (Šefrová, 2003; Ermolaev, 2014). The threshold percentage parasitism for parasitoid regulation of native leaf miner populations is estimated to be 50% (Askew & Shaw, 1979a; Mey, 1991; Szőcs et al, 2013).
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