Abstract
1. Universiteit Utrecht, Vakgroep Vergelijkende Fysiologie An extension of this hypothesis was applied to explain Projectgroep Ethologie en Socio-oecologie, The Netherlands; the occurrence of polyandry in honey bees and other so2. Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, cial Hymenoptera. Sherman et al. (1988; see also HamilCalifornia 95616 ton 1987) argue that polyandry should evolve as long as genetic variation for disease resistance is maintained in Submitted November 15, 1996; Accepted July 7, 1997 populations and a concave relationship exists between colony fitness (queen survival) and worker survival. They further suggest that species that have colonies containing larger numbers of individuals are expected to have
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