Paraquat exposure impairs porcine oocyte meiotic maturation

Abstract

Paraquat (PQ) is a heterocyclic pesticide that not only damages the testicular development and reduces the quality of semen, but also disturbs the secretion of hormones in the reproductive system. However, the effects of PQ on oocyte maturation and its toxic mechanism have not been yet fully clarified. Here we showed that PQ exposure could have toxic effects on porcine oocyte maturation. PQ exposure with 100 μM inhibited cumulus cell expansion and significantly reduced the rate of first polar body extrusion during oocyte maturation. PQ-exposed oocytes could not develop to the 2-cell and blastocyst stage. PQ exposure with 100 μM significantly increased abnormal spindle rate (65.2% ± 1.0%) and misaligned chromosome rate (63.2% ± 3.4%) compared to the control group (38.3% ± 1.0% and 38.4% ± 1.0%, respectively; P < 0.05). F-actin also exhibited reduced distribution in PQ-exposed oocytes (10.3% ± 1.0%) compared to the control group (14.4% ± 1.0%, P < 0.05). In addition, PQ exposure reduced the active mitochondria levels, but apparently increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS), rH2AX, and LC3 (autophagy marker) levels. qPCR analyses showed that PQ exposure caused the aberrant expression of genes associated with cumulus cell expansion, but did not affect the expression of apoptosis-related genes. Taken together, these results indicate that PQ exposure impaired oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation probably through oxidative stress.