Parametrized post-Newtonian gravitational redshift.

Abstract

A derivation of the gravitational redshift effect to order ${c}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ is presented. The calculation is performed within the framework of the parametrized post-Newtonian formalism for analyzing metric theories of gravity, which includes corrections to second order in the Newtonian potential, gravitomagnetic contributions, and preferred-frame terms. We briefly discuss how to generalize our results to include possible violations of local Lorentz invariance or local position invariance which can arise in nonmetric theories. Our results are useful for analyzing possible new redshift experiments which may be sensitive to second-order effects, such as a space mission involving a close solar flyby.