Parameters Affecting the Size of Gold Nanoparticles Prepared by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid

Abstract

Pulse laser ablation is the most effective technique as it can be carried out within a spotless and well-regulated setting which eventually produces ultrapure nanoparticles. Several factors affect the formation of nanoparticles regarding size when the laser ablation technique is utilized. Primary factors include both physical parameters (fluency of laser, pulse durations, time of irradiation, wavelength and rate of repetition) as well as chemical parameters (fluid type and solid target size). When the energy density was elevated to the optimum rate, it led to growth in nanoparticle production. Additionally, the findings revealed that variation of solid target needed diverse optimum pulse durations and irradiation time to produce small and narrowly sized distributions of nanoparticles. The most frequent pulse duration was a few nanoseconds. Moreover, the study revealed that the nanoparticle size of colloids is controllable through shifting the wavelength from the fundamental harmonic up to the 4th harmonic (1064 to 266 nm). The wavelength of 532 nm is most widely utilized in preparing nanoparticles with optimal size and shape. The pulse repetition rate was proved to altering the average size of target nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the most frequently used pulse repetition rate was 10 Hz. Finally, it is important to simultaneously realize the optimum working conditions and optimum values of the whole parameters in order to succeed in ablating material in the form of particulates, atoms, and ions as well as to achieve the optimum synthesis of nanoparticles.