Abstract
In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were analyzed using an optimized version of the Official Method AOAC 2005.06 and using LC–MS/MS (HILIC). The presence of some PSP toxins (PSTs) in that geographical area (~600 km of coast) was confirmed for the first time. The estimated toxicities ranged from 170 to 983 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg−1 for the AOAC 2005.06 method and from 150 to 1094 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg−1 for the LC–MS/MS method, with a good correlation between both methods (r2 = 0.94). Most samples contained STX, GTX2,3, and GTX1,4, and some also had NEO and dcGTX2. All of the PSP-positive samples also contained gymnodimine A, with the concentrations of the two groups of toxins being significantly correlated. The PSP toxin profiles suggest that a species of the genus Alexandrium was likely the causative agent. The presence of gymnodimine A suggests that A. ostenfeldii could be involved, but the contribution of a mixture of Alexandrium species cannot be ruled out.
Highlights
Introduction published maps and institutional affilParalytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids that, in the marine environment, are produced by some bloom-forming dinoflagellate species, several species of the genus Alexandrium, Gymnodinium catenatum, and Pyrodinium bahamense, with most of them distributed worldwide [1]
Since 2002, the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxicity was de- determined in samples from theSince area
Line is the regression line,shadowed and the shadowed area represents limits of confidence for the regression. This is the first report on PSP toxins from an area comprising ~600 km of the Cantabrian
Summary
Mussel samples were routinely collected by the monitoring systems of Cantabria and Mussel samples were routinely collected by the monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Country, in several several geographic locations, with weekly oroffortnightly freMussel routinely collectedlocations, by the monitoring systems. Country,were in geographic with weekly or fortnightly fre- and quency, and were immediately tested via the MBA. In several geographic locations, with weekly or fortnightly frequency, quency, and were immediately tested via the MBA. Since 2002, the PSP toxicity was de- determined in samples from theSince area 2118 mussel mussel samples from the area
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