Parallel Proteomics to Improve Coverage and Confidence in the Partially Annotated Oryctolagus cuniculus Mitochondrial Proteome

Abstract

The ability to decipher the dynamic protein component of any system is determined by the inherent limitations of the technologies used, the complexity of the sample, and the existence of an annotated genome. In the absence of an annotated genome, large-scale proteomic investigations can be technically difficult. Yet the functional and biological species differences across animal models can lead to selection of partially or nonannotated organisms over those with an annotated genome. The outweighing of biology over technology leads us to investigate the degree to which a parallel approach can facilitate proteome coverage in the absence of complete genome annotation. When studying species without complete genome annotation, a particular challenge is how to ensure high proteome coverage while meeting the bioinformatic stringencies of high-throughput proteomics. A protein inventory of Oryctolagus cuniculus mitochondria was created by overlapping "protein-centric" and "peptide-centric" one-dimensional and two-dimensional liquid chromatography strategies; with additional partitioning into membrane-enriched and soluble fractions. With the use of these five parallel approaches, 2934 unique peptides were identified, corresponding to 558 nonredundant protein groups. 230 of these proteins (41%) were identified by only a single technical approach, confirming the need for parallel techniques to improve annotation. To determine the extent of coverage, a side-by-side comparison with human and mouse cardiomyocyte mitochondrial studies was performed. A nonredundant list of 995 discrete proteins was compiled, of which 244 (25%) were common across species. The current investigation identified 142 unique protein groups, the majority of which were detected here by only one technical approach, in particular peptide- and protein-centric two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Although no single approach achieved more than 40% coverage, the combination of three approaches (protein- and peptide-centric two-dimensional liquid chromatography and subfractionation) contributed 96% of all identifications. Parallel techniques ensured minimal false discovery, and reduced single peptide-based identifications while maximizing sequence coverage in the absence of the annotated rabbit proteome.