Abstract
Concurrent waves of coronavirus disease, Ebola virus disease, avian influenza A, and black fungus are jeopardizing lives in some parts of Africa and Asia. From this point of view, this review aims to summarize both the socio-economic and public health implications of these parallel outbreaks along with their best possible management approaches. Online databases (PubMed/PMC/Medline, Publons, ResearchGate, Scopus, Google Scholar, etc.) were used to collect the necessary information regarding these outbreaks. Based on the reports published and analyses performed so far, the long-lasting impacts caused by these simultaneous outbreaks on global socio-economical and public health status can be conceived from the past experiences of outbreaks, especially the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, prolonged restrictions by the local government may lead to food insecurity, global recession, and an enormous impact on the mental health of people of all ages, specifically in developing countries. Such overwhelming effects have already been reported to be declining the national growth of the economy as well as increasing political insecurity and shortage of basic needs. Although various actions have already been taken, including vaccination, clinical management and further research, social distancing, lockdown, etc., to improve the situation, the emerging variants and associated genetic mutations may make containment difficult, worsening the situation again. So, considering the current mutational dynamics of the pathogens and past experiences, perpetual preparedness along with updated clinical management backed by epidemiological studies and innovative scientific effort are inevitable to combat the simultaneous waves of multiple infectious diseases.
Highlights
The world continues to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic that began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 [1], which has affected 221 countries and territories, causing over3.5 million deaths by April 2021 [2]
While the present data indicate that there is a global decline in the number of new COVID-19 cases and/or deaths, probably due to vaccination and maintaining strict regulations recommended by WHO [7], the emergence of new variants in different countries (India, Brazil) and territories has been a matter of great concern with the risk of reinfections, lower vaccination efficacy, and increased transmissibility [8]
Amidst this COVID-19 situation, a new outbreak of avian influenza subtype, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N8, hit the poultry farms and wild birds in Saudi Arabia, which later spread to other countries of the Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa [9] (Figure 1)
Summary
The world continues to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic that began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 [1], which has affected 221 countries and territories, causing over3.5 million deaths by April 2021 [2]. While the present data indicate that there is a global decline in the number of new COVID-19 cases and/or deaths, probably due to vaccination and maintaining strict regulations recommended by WHO [7], the emergence of new variants in different countries (India, Brazil) and territories has been a matter of great concern with the risk of reinfections, lower vaccination efficacy, and increased transmissibility [8]. Amidst this COVID-19 situation, a new outbreak of avian influenza subtype, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N8, hit the poultry farms and wild birds in Saudi Arabia, which later spread to other countries of the Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa [9] (Figure 1). A study by Shammi et al, 2021 [18], revealed the impact of COVID-19 in Bangladesh on gender discrimination, gender-based violence, business, economy, and education sectors, which was supported by another study by
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