Paradoxical positive nitrogen balance in burn patients receiving high-dose administration of insulin for nutritional care

Abstract

Background. Nitrogen balance in patients who need high-dose administration of insulin has not been evaluated clinically. The purpose of this study was to compare the difference in nitrogen balance between burn patients who received high-dose administration of insulin and those who did not. Methods. This study was performed in 19 severely burned adults with no liver or kidney failure. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the mean ratio of administered insulin and calorie intake ( I C ) for the initial 4 weeks, a high I C group (n = 9) and a low I C group (n = 10). There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding age, percentage of area burned, and body weight. Nitrogen balance, blood urea nitrogen, and urine urea nitrogen were measured in all patients. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and urinary excretion of 3-methyl-histidine were measured in 12 patients (six in each group). Results. Until day 10 both groups exhibited similar changes in plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol. Subsequently, plasma concentrations of insulin and glucagon began to decrease in the low I C group, whereas a high level was sustained in the high I C group (p < 0.05). Plasma glucose and cortisol measurements showed no significant differences between the two groups. Blood urea nitrogen levels and urinary excretion of 3-methyl-histidine were not different between the two groups. Urine urea nitrogen excretion in the high I C group, however, was significantly lower than that in the low I C group from day 8 (p < 0.05). Thus the high I C group achieved positive nitrogen balance more quickly than the low I C group. Paradoxically, however, the high I/C group was at higher risk of septic complications and exhibited higher mortality than the low I C group (p < 0.05). Conclusions. These results indicate that an improvement in nitrogen balance, which is accepted as a good thing in the management of critically ill patients, is not necessarily good in the high I C group and that residual nitrogen was retained within the body in the high I C group.