Abstract
Climate science is an indispensable part of climate solutions, and an era of climate actions necessitates certain paradigm shifts of climate science to better support viable climate actions and solutions. Three paradigm shifts are exemplified, namely (1) transcending the boundaries between physical science basis, adaptation, and mitigation; (2) embracing the synergy between climate science and technical innovations for effective climate solutions; and (3) shifting the paradigm from equilibrium climate dynamics toward non-equilibrium dynamics of climate/Earth systems. Beyond the application-driven and solution-oriented studies, curiosity-driven theoretical research is emphasized in the shift toward non-equilibrium climate/Earth systems-tipping elements, abrupt climate changes, and extremes-which may open avenues for new discoveries not only within climate science but also in mathematics, physics, and complex systems science.
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