Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fiction by Orietta Da Rold

The purpose of the article is to analyze and substantiate the features of the development of fine motor skills of hands in children of senior preschool age with speech disorders. The study of the influence of the development of fine motor skills on speech impairment plays an essential role for correctional pedagogy. Disturbances in the development of the motor sphere of the child are successfully overcome and corrected, provided that early pedagogical assistance is provided to children. A favorable period for an active corrective and developmental impact on the violation of speech activity is the senior preschool age. Fine motor skills are one of the sides of the motor sphere, directly related to the mastery of objective actions, the development of productive activities, writing, speech of the child. Scientists believe that speech, like the entire cognitive sphere of a person, today has its highest forms of development due to labor, complex hand operations, starting with the development of fine and general motor skills. The formation and development of fine motor skills of the hands is closely related to the development of the left temporal and left frontal areas of the brain, which in turn are responsible for the formation of many mental functions. The results of the study show that the level of speech development in preschool children is always directly dependent on the degree of development of fine finger movements. Fine motor skills are the basis of development, are the foundation for the development of all mental processes (attention, memory, perception, thinking, speech). Children with speech disorders are characterized by a lag in the development of all types of motor skills – general, mimic, fine and articulatory, violations in the development of basic movements and their physical qualities, insufficient static and dynamic coordination of general and small movements, a decrease in speed and dexterity when performing exercises. Their constructive praxis is disturbed, which is mainly associated with underdevelopment of fine motor skills of the fingers.

Reviewed by: Fruit of the Orchard: Reading Catherine of Siena in Late Medieval and Early Modern England by Jennifer N. Brown Luke Penkett (bio) Fruit of the Orchard: Reading Catherine of Siena in Late Medieval and Early Modern England. By Jennifer N. Brown. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019. xvi, 314 pp. $75.00 Fruit of the Orchard has been a decade in the writing: it was worth waiting for. During this time Jennifer N. Brown, Professor and Chair of English and World Literatures at Marymount Manhattan College, has given papers to fellow medievalists on her subject, received invaluable feedback from a number of other scholars, and thoroughly explored Siena, tracking down Catherine’s landmarks. Brown’s meticulous work shines out on every page and it is a delight to read. In this, her first monograph, Brown builds on the scholarship of the past decade or so, developing the research of Suzanne Noffke’s publication of Catherine’s Dialogo and letters in translation, Jeffrey F. Hamburger and Gabriela Sighnori’s A Companion to Catherine of Siena, and, more specifically, Rebecca Krug’s Reading Families: Women’s Literate Practice in Late Medieval England and Nancy Bradley Warren’s The Embodied Word: Female Spiritualities, Contested Orthodoxies, and English Religious Cultures, 1350–1700. The book opens with four English depictions of Catherine: two from rood screens (at Torbryan and Horsham), and two from Wynkyn de Worde’s 1519 printing, delightful illustrations that help set the scene. Each of the five chapters are structured around an aspect of Catherine’s English textual tradition, a light one in England contrasted with a much fuller one in Continental Europe. An exceptional woman, by the mid-fifteenth century, Catherine was having a significant effect on insular vernacular devotion and Brown’s book teaches us much about English piety at this time and into the early seventeenth century. This effect was even more significant in France and the Low Countries. However, it is by examining these differences of audience, readership, and piety that English religious culture may be more clearly recognised and better understood. Part of the richness of such a study as Fruit of the Orchard lies in the fact that texts on Catherine herself are so varied – hagiographical, instructive, meditational – that the field worked on is a broad one, giving rise to explorations of provenance, production, distribution, and reception. Catherine’s letter-writing career begins around 1370 and there are 400 complete and incomplete examples of her correspondences. In 1374 the anonymous account of her and Raymond of Capua’s narrative appeared, with Le Orazioni, a collection of 26 of Catherine’s [End Page 265] prayers (mainly known in Italy) being composed around 1379. Before the end of that auspicious decade Catherine had begun writing her visionary text, Il Dialogo. This last text was translated into English three times and became known as The Orcherd of Syon. There are also Stephen Maconi’s letter (Maconi, Prior General of the Carthusian Order, along with Raymond and Gano Giudini, were among Catherine’s followers) regarding Catherine, an excerpt from The Orcherd of Syon, eight copies of a testimony of Catherine’s known by its Latin title as the Documento Spirituale and in English as The Cleannesse of Sowle, and three copies of Catherine’s Legenda maior. Wynkyn de Wolrde printed Raymond’s Legenda maior, The Lyf of Catherine, and The Orcherd of Syon between 1492 and 1519, whilst Henry Pepwell published extracts from The Lyf in 1521, and John Fenn issued a new translation of the Legenda maior in 1609. As with Richard Rolle’s English texts translated into Latin, and his Latin texts translated into English, and a number of Continental writers whose work is translated from Latin or one vernacular into another, Catherine’s texts are altered, in their translation according to audience and readership, location, time, and civic and ecclesial pressures. From ordinances and wills it is possible to discover something of the use and transmission of Catherine’s texts. Placing these discoveries alongside manuscripts, inscriptions, illuminations, rood screens, and dedications it is possible to see both the private and public “landscape of devotion to Catherine of Siena throughout England and, indeed, extending even to...

Fine motor skills (FMS) are fundamental for children’s growth, influencing their writing progress and everyday activities. However, the development of these skills is a multifaceted process that is affected by various factors. Consequently, it becomes essential to comprehend the disparities in children’s fine motor skills (FMS) development and the predictive factors. To address this aspect, we aimed to investigate the development of children’s FMS, and the factors that can predict their development. Our analysis encompassed comparing FMS development between the two countries, examining gender and age discrepancies, and discerning the variables that predict FMS development. Employing a reliable instrument (the FMS development battery), we conducted a survey study involving 3050 Hungarian children living in both Slovakia and Hungary. The analysis, powered by R packages, yielded significant findings. Notably, students from Slovakia showcased significantly higher levels of FMS compared to their counterparts from Hungary. Furthermore, we observed a noteworthy gender disparity, with female students outperforming male students in both countries. Additionally, differences emerged across various age groups, indicating that older age groups exhibited more advanced FMS compared to their younger counterparts. With the help of regression analyses, our research also revealed the direct impact of gender and age on students’ FMS development, while parental education entered an indirect influence on this aspect. These discoveries offer valuable insights for educational leaders and policymakers seeking to enhance children’s FMS.

Reviewed by: Magic as a Political Crime in Medieval and Early Modern England: A History of Sorcery and Treason by Francis Young Joanne Edge KEY WORDS Joanne Edge, Francis Young, late medieval England, early modern England, everyday life, Elizabeth I, John Dee, political crimes, Edward II, Henry VI, Eleanor Cobham, Wars of the Roses, Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Stuart England, William Shakespeare francis young. Magic as a Political Crime in Medieval and Early Modern England: A History of Sorcery and Treason. London: I. B. Tauris, 2017. Pp. 256. In this timely and well-researched book, Francis Young weaves together the histories of magic, politics, law, and religion to demonstrate the realities of the political crime of magic in late medieval and early modern England. It is worth stating here that this reviewer has long been frustrated at the notion that magic and the occult were fringe practices in premodern Europe: in fact, such activities were central to the everyday life of both high-and low-status people alike. This monograph is therefore extremely welcome: especially as it is skilfully written for the general reader while being a valuable addition to the scholarship of the period—as evidenced by the inclusion of detailed footnotes and an extensive bibliography. Defining “magic” is not straightforward, and a working definition will never satisfy everyone. Young wisely dedicates four pages in his introduction to grappling with this problem, providing a whistle-stop tour of the historiography of magic definitions, but without actually providing a clear definition of his own (8–12). Ultimately, his definition of “magic” is a learned art that was practised by literate men, as opposed to “witchcraft,” which consists [End Page 505] of non-literate activities mainly carried out by low-status women. But witchcraft is not the focus of this monograph; Young focuses on magical activity (either real or imagined) aimed at the various monarchs of England during this time. A question that is usually raised by historians of magic and the occult is did the practices condemned by the authorities and of which people were accused have any basis in the surviving evidence from the period? Young sets out his stall early, stating in the introduction that: It is crucial . . . for the historian to engage with the history of magic, since even if the truth of magical practices of particular accused traitors is lost to us in official accounts, we can study comparable magical practices preserved in other texts. A significant gap often existed between official fears of what magicians might do and what magicians themselves tried to do (3). So, throughout this volume, Young takes the practices that people were accused of and looks for similar activities in extant manuscripts from the period. For example, in 1578, three wax effigies were found in a barn in Islington. According to one account, the centre figure had the name “Elizabeth” written on the forehead, and the two figures either side were dressed as her councillors. This was seen as an attack on Elizabeth I, and the magician John Dee was even consulted to provide a counter-magical defence. Young takes the reader through examples of effigy magic in contemporary manuscripts, and in the condemnations of e.g. Reginald Scot, to show that this accusation was absolutely plausible (119–29). Every example of magical treason introduced by Young throughout this monograph involves a link to manuscript evidence. This synthesis of “theory” and “practice” is long overdue in the historiography of premodern magic. Chapter 1 provides the medieval background to magic as a political crime, starting with the plot against Edward II in the early fourteenth century, through the well-known case of Eleanor Cobham against Henry VI in the 1440s, the Wars of the Roses, and Henry VII; Chapter 2 encompasses the period of the early Reformation—from 1534 through the late years of Henry VIII, and the reigns of Edward VI and Mary I; Chapter 3 focuses on the early part of Elizabeth’s reign and several serious magical plots against her; Chapter 4 tackles the second half of the reign, including her dealings with John Dee, effigy magic, and a delightfully-titled section on “Anabaptistical Wizards...

At this stage of growth and development of children pre- school age 3-4 years, children begin to master a variety of physical skills and courage. However, there are still come pre school age children are to afraid of being in a foreign environment at school. If that happens then the pre school children have delays in development. Child development is influence by the pattern of care applied by the parents. Authoritative parenting strongly influence the high level of courage and skill of children. The study aims to determine the relationship of parenting the parent to stimulate the development of groos motor and fine motor skills in children. Research methods and correlational design using cross sectional approach by using purposive sampling techniqus sampling. The population of this study were parents with pre school age children 3-4 years in early childhood AL-Firdaus Bahrul ‘Ulum Tambakberas Jombang, which amount to 32 people with a large sample of 22 people. Method of data collection use questionnaires and observation sheets DDST (Denver Development Screening Test), and then data is analyzed by Chi-Square test. The result of correlation analysis Chi-Square majority of respondents found that authoritative parenting implement as many as 20 people (90,9%) with development of gross motor that delay. Respondent who apply the authoritative parenting style with development of fine motor skills that normal . And indulgent parenting style with development of fine motor skills that delay with Asymp. Sig ρ = 0.000, which means there is a relationship between the pattern of care in stimulating the development of gross motor and fine motor skills of children. From this research it can be concluded that authoritative parenting pattern can be applied to parents of pre school children aged 3-4 years so that children growth and develop well in early childhood Bahrul ‘Ulum AL-Firdaus Tambakberas Jombang.Keywords: Parenting pattern, gwoth and development, Denver Development Skrining Test

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Reading Early Modern Food

Reviewed by: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations in the Later Middle Ages ed. by Helen Fulton, and Michele Campopiano Nicholas D. Brodie Fulton, Helen, and Michele Campopiano, eds, Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations in the Later Middle Ages, Woodbridge, York Medieval Press, 2018; hardback; pp. 224; 2 b/w illustrations; R.R.P. £60.00; ISBN 9781903153697. This is a book about 'the variety of ways in which British and Italian cultures spoke to each other' (p. 1). Words thus feature prominently within its constituent essays as signifiers of communication. Margaret Bridges examines the Polychronicon, partly focusing on place names. 'Italian toponyms evoke a distant past and foreign clime' (p. 21) she notes, before going on to unpick an erudite medieval literary gaze focused more on the Roman past than any Italian present. Caroline P. Collette unravels a 'shared bibliophilia' (p. 42) that bridges time and place for Richard de Bury. Threading through issues like the reception of Petrarch, the habits of humanism, and the movement of books and texts, Collette deftly blurs the sometimes too-arbitrary distinction between medieval classicism and early humanism. Similarly focused on text and people and time, Michele Campopiano explores 'some less well known evidence for the reception of Italian legal and political works in the northern English city of York' (p. 52). European volumes with English annotations reveal how jurisprudential ideas developed in Bologna were read in the light of contemporary concerns in York. These are small but telling bits of evidence for wider networks of trade and information transfer, Campopiano [End Page 247] argues, which should encourage further exploration of such connections in ways that expand beyond centre-and-periphery scholarship. Ignazio Del Punta's focus is economic. Pointing out that modern and medieval financial crises are not as cleanly comparable as popularly assumed, Del Punta then explores and exposes structural elements of the medieval monetary system. He concludes that 'efficient international banking companies fostered speculative spirals' (p. 8). What worked well in good times proved unable to cope with the bad. The next chapters move from macroeconomics to societal micro-studies. Bart Lambert provides a survey of the Lucchese community in England by drilling into a case study of the Gigli family. Through a fascinating use of Italian sources he presents 'a surprisingly clear view of the businesses of one of the most important foreign trading groups in late medieval England' (p. 88), revealing where they lived, prayed, and travelled. Complementing this well is Helen Bradley's essay on London's Italian merchants, principally traced through examination of their wills. She focuses on the everyday 'linguistic, economic and social interface between cultures' (p. 103) that such individuals reveal, finding evidence for 'several distinct Italian city-state communities' (p. 108) in medieval England, among other things of interest. Victoria Flood investigates Franciscan prophetic texts and rumour in a study of political Joachism. Following threats from Italy to England, Flood notes how 'political Joachism presented not only a possible overture to good rulers, but a mechanism for the critique of the bad' (p. 136), explaining how 'Franciscan prophecies were part of an oppositional culture' (p. 149). Thus, Italian prophecy helped inform and interpret Franciscan relationships with English monarchs. Similarly showing a broader cultural influence informing English texts, Helen Fulton offers 'a redefinition of what urban history was and what forms it took in medieval Britain' (p. 150) by charting continuities over time, particularly those that link urban centres with political narratives and agendas. From Bede to Camden, Fulton casts a wide net to make a compelling case that British urban history has a long history with clear Italian and classical resonances. While at once broad and particular, as most edited volumes are, this book highlights the diverse range of ways wherein English society was influenced by Italian culture. Revealing links personal, economic, and textual, it is a counterpoint to any view of England that would see it in isolation from Europe generally, or Italy specifically. [End Page 248] Nicholas D. Brodie Hobart, Tasmania Copyright © 2020 Nicholas D. Brodie

Reviewed by: Her Life Historical: Exemplarity and Female Saints' Lives in Late Medieval England Nancy Bradley Warren (bio) Catherine Sanok . Her Life Historical: Exemplarity and Female Saints' Lives in Late Medieval England. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2007. 280 pp. ISBN 0-812-23986-5, $55.00. Catherine Sanok's book is a welcome contribution to the currently vibrant study of hagiography in later medieval English culture. Her Life Historical adds some important new considerations to the conversation. In particular, as [End Page 463] her title suggests, she directs our attention to the ways in which hagiography provides a locus for thinking historically in later medieval Eng land. The history with which Sanok is concerned is both literary and sociopolitical; indeed, one of the book's greatest strengths is the ways in which it attends to the mutually informing dimensions of these types of history. Sanok begins by exploring the complicated, flexible functions of exemplarity as a mode of interpretation. Considering a wide range of Middle English texts, in her first chapter she analyzes diverse figurings of relationships of past and present, examining the implications of such representations for ethical practice. She argues that "hagiography and its exemplary hermeneutics did not . . . provide one model of history but a vehicle for exploring and contesting a variety of such models" (19). Sanok's second chapter addresses the processes through which, and the reasons for which, female saints' lives invent a feminine audience. She presents a diverse body of evidence, including textual accounts of patronage or commission and testamentary records, for the strong association of female saints' lives with female readers. This association is not, however, necessarily "proof" of women's "agency in the genre." Rather, it attests to an association between women and the genre "in the late medieval cultural imagination" (37), an association that the texts themselves work to produce. Female saints' lives create "if only in theory . . . an interpretive response proper to female readers. Female saints' lives . . . ask women to read as women" (25, emphasis in original). In doing so, they do not fully control reception, but they do create expectations. In her third chapter, Sanok turns to Osbern Bokenham's Legends of Holy Women to examine the feminine audience it creates in "a political context" (51). She argues that Bokenham crafts "fables of commission and reception" (55, a concept she borrows from Seth Lerer) that elide both class differences and differences of political allegiance among women. He seeks to create a unified feminine community sharing devotional commitments and literary interests during an era of political strife. His agenda, therefore, is not to regulate women's devotional activities or reading practices, but rather to foreground a stable community in the face of contemporary political division. Chapter Four, entitled "Exemplarity and England in Native Saints' Lives," centers on Henry Bradshaw's Life of St. Werburge. Sanok reads Bradshaw's text through the lens of the work of Benedict Anderson and Homi Bhabha on "the nation." Like Bokenham, Bradshaw figures a unified feminine audience for his vernacular legend; his aim is to represent "the transhistorical continuity and coherence of English identity" by linking a native English saint with contemporary English women. The Life is concerned, as Sanok notes, [End Page 464] not only with national issues but also with local ones concerning Chester and Bradshaw's abbey; Chester becomes, however, a metonymic representation of England. Chapter Five turns to The Book of Margery Kempe. While Bradshaw's mobilization of exemplarity upholds "fictions of community" (116), the Book of Margery Kempe illustrates the ways in which imitating female saints can serve as a mode of social criticism. Sanok considers Margery's imitation of various saints, especially Mary Magdalene, Katherine of Alexandria, and Margaret. Her reading of the scribe's refusal to acknowledge likeness between Margery Kempe and Mary Magdalene, whom he replaces with Marie d'Oignies as "a more proximate example of a late medieval holy woman," is particularly interesting. Margery's imitatio is disconcerting because it highlights troubling similarities between the past of saints' lives and her present moment. Margery Kempe also exposes incoherence within her community by calling attention to the ways in which it privileges ideals of feminine sanctity in...

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of teacher encouragement with the development of fine motor skills of children in Nurul Falah Payakumbuh City Islamic Kindergarten during two terms of the 2021- academic year- 2022. Infants are childhood. At this age, all aspects of a child's development are developing very quickly. Various factors contribute to the development of children's fine motor skills. One of them is the ability of the teacher to suggest appropriate stimuli to the child to support the development of the child's fine motor skills. This study aims to reveal the relationship of teacher stimulation with fine motor development of children in Nurul Falah Pyakumbuh City Islamic Kindergarten. This research method is a quantitative method with a kind of relational research. The composition of this study included all teachers and students of Nurul Falah Payakumbuh Municipal Islamic Kindergarten. Set the total sample size to 7 for a research sample that includes the entire universe: 7 teachers and group B1 12 people, B2 11 people, B3 11 people, B4 10 people, B5 11 people, B6 12 people, B7 11 people. teachers and 78 Students, so 85 people participate in Nurul Falah Islamic Kindergarten, a technique to collect data from children in the town of Payakumbuh with questionnaires and documents, correlated test results . It can be said that there is no significant relationship between learning stimulation and fine motor development of children in Nurul Falah Payakumbuh City Islamic Kindergarten

This study aims to determine the effect of cooking class activities on the development of fine motor skills of children aged 5-6 years at Al-Kautsar Islamic Kindergarten. This study uses quantitative research methods with a design in the form of one group pretest-posttest design. The data analysis process is carried out in accordance with Sugiyono's theory, namely conducting observations, pretests, treatments, then the final results are posttested. The results of the treatment can be known more accurately, because they can be compared with the conditions before and after the treatment is given. The pretest conducted at the beginning of the meeting was given learning as usual (conventional), after which the researcher carried out contextual activities, namely cooking class activities: Peeling quail egg shells and making cucumber egg satay, decorating mini donuts. So that the results of the posttest carried out after the treatment can be known. There are many fine motor skills of early childhood that can be applied to the child's development process, but this cooking class activity is one of the activities that can provide many benefits for early childhood, especially for the development of their fine motor skills. According to the indicators, the development of children's fine motor skills studied in this study refers to four points, namely: exploring with media and activities, imitating shapes, using stationery correctly, and expressing themselves through activities. The findings show that the development of fine motor skills of children aged 5-6 years in Al-Kautsar Islamic Kindergarten can increase according to the treatment, it can be seen based on the interval results there is a comparison of the pretest and posttest results, in the high category there is an increase of 75%, while for the medium category there is no increase because children in the medium category experience an increase so that they are in the high category, while for the low category it has the same percentage of 13% for both pretest and posttest results, this is because there are children who are still limited in their fine motor movements as well as the adaptation process that occurs in the classroom.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kegiatan cooking class terhadap perkembangan motorik halus anak usia 5-6 tahun di TK Islam Al-Kautsar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain yang digunakan berbentuk one group pretest-posttest design. Proses analisis data dilakukan sesuai dengan teori Sugiyono, yaitu melakukan observasi, pretest, treatment, kemudian hasil akhir dilakukan posttest..Hasil perlakuan (treatment) dapat diketahui lebih akurat, karena dapat membandingkan dengan keadaan sebelum dan sesudah diberikan treatment. Pretest yang dilakukan di awal pertemuan diberikan pembelajaran seperti biasa (konvensional), setelah itu peneliti melaksanakan kegiatan kontekstual yaitu dengan kegiatan cooking class : Mengupas cangkang telur puyuh dan membuat sate telur mentimun, menghias donat mini. Sehingga dapat diketahui hasil posttest yang dilaksanakan setelah dilakukannya treatment. Terdapat banyak keterampilan motorik halus anak usia dini yang dapat diterapkan pada proses perkembangan anak, namun kegiatan cooking class ini menjadi salah satu kegiatan yang dapat memberikan manfaat yang banyak bagi anak usia dini, khususnya untuk perkembangan motorik halusnya. Sesuai indikatornya, perkembangan motorik halus anak yang diteliti pada penelitian ini merujuk pada empat poin yaitu : melakukan eksplorasi dengan media dan kegiatan, meniru bentuk, menggunakan alat tulis dengan benar, dan mengekspresikan diri melalui kegiatan. Hasil temuan menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan motorik halus anak usia 5-6 tahun di TK Islam Al-Kautsar dapat meningkat sesuai dilakukannya treatment, dapat diketahui berdasarkan hasil interval terdapat perbandingan dari hasil pretest dan posttest, pada kategori tinggi terdapat kenaikan sebesar 75%, sedangkan untuk kategori sedang tidak mengalami kenaikan karena anak yang berada pada kategori sedang mengalami peningkatan sehingga ada pada kategori tinggi, sedangkan untuk kategori rendah memiliki persentase yang sama yakni 13% untuk hasil pretest maupun posttest, hal tersebut dikarenakan terdapat anak yang masih terbatas dalam gerakan motorik halusnya juga dengan proses adaptasi yang terjadi di dalam kelas

Motor skills are a set of motor reactions characteristic of childhood. Purposeful and systematic work on the development of fine motor skills in stuttering preschool children contributes to the formation of intellectual abilities, speech activity, the preservation of the child's mental and physical health. This article discusses the reforms being implemented in the preschool education system in the Republic of Uzbekistan, in particular, the content and significance of the state program “First Step” (“Pervyy shag”). The program sets the main goal as the formation of the child’s personal development, creative thinking and ability to act independently. The article also analyzes the specific features of the speech and motor development of gifted preschool children and discusses the system of corrective exercises aimed at developing their fine and gross motor skills. Effective ways to normalize speech motor skills, improve coordination, and ensure the child’s socio-emotional adaptation through logorhythmic exercises, game activities, constructive and creative exercises are shown. The results of the study confirm that logopedic rhythmics and game technologies lead to positive changes in speech, motor skills, and personal development in gifted children.

The golden age period in children is very important for a child's life in the future, this is the basis for teaching children cognitive, motor, social, and language skills. Fine motor development at an early age will be beneficial now and in the future. Children who have poor fine motor coordination or who do not develop perfectly tend to experience frustration, failure, and rejection. Fine motor skills are basic skills that need to be built at an early age . Learning while exercising can help children improve coordination and fine motor skills. This study is to determine the effectiveness of the sports game method on the development of fine motor skills in early childhood . The Study case literature review method is practiced in this writing. Children's fine motor skills were measured using sports game techniques on two respondents who received intervention; the data was then evaluated three times, namely in the first week; second; and fourth. The results of the observations were carried out for four weeks. Observations were conducted before and after the intervention. The results of observations after the intervention showed an increase in the ability and development of children's fine motor skills. The conclusion is that the method of playing sports effectively improves fine motor skills in early childhood , it is hoped that parents and teachers can apply sports game techniques both at home and at school.

The development of preschool-aged children starts from the age of 3-6 years; not all children can pass through the developmental stages well, which is why the development of preschool-aged children is an important aspect to pay attention to. 15-20% of preschool-aged children suffer from fine motor development disorders. This study aims to determine how the application of finger painting therapy activities affects 3-year-old children with fine motor development deviations at the Cimahi Selatan Health Center. The case study method used in this research employs a descriptive design. Data collection was carried out through observation and interviews, as well as the Pre-Screening Development Questionnaire (KPSP) and fine motor assessment instruments. Deviations in fine motor development in preschool-aged children can hinder their ability to perform daily activities, such as writing and drawing. Finger painting therapy is a form of play therapy that can stimulate the development of children's fine motor skills. The results for An.H, with deviations in fine motor skill development before being given finger painting therapy according to the KPSP results, were doubtful (M) with a score of 1. After being given finger painting therapy, the results were appropriate (S) with a score of 3, indicating an improvement in An.H's fine motor skills. The results of this case study show a significant improvement in An.H's fine motor skills after continuous finger painting therapy, with a final score of 83.3% (very good). This study shows that finger painting therapy for preschool- aged children can enhance the development of fine motor skills and is effective in improving hand- eye coordination, as well as increasing the child's functional abilities in daily activities.

This study aims to determine the effect of picture matching activities on the development of children's fine motor skills at RA Darun Najah. Fine motor skills are skills that involve coordination between small muscles, especially the hands and fingers, which play an important role in children's daily activities and academic readiness. Picture matching activities were chosen as a method to train children's fine motor skills through fun, creative, and educational activities. This study used a quantitative approach with an experimental design involving samples of early childhood children at RA Darun Najah. The instruments used were observation and assessment of fine motor skills before and after participating in picture matching activities. The results showed that there was a significant effect of picture matching activities on improving children's fine motor skills, such as grasping skills, placing objects with precision, and hand-eye coordination. In addition, this activity also contributed to improving children's concentration, focus, and problem-solving abilities. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that picture matching activities are an effective method in supporting the development of fine motor skills in early childhood children at RA Darun Najah.

Reviewed by: Talk and Textual Production in Medieval England by Marisa Libbon Marcel Elias marisa libbon, Talk and Textual Production in Medieval England. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2021. Pp. 245. isbn: 978-0-8142-8113-0. $99.95. This engaging and elegantly written monograph explores the role of 'talk' in shaping the production and informing the reception of texts in late medieval England. It takes as its case study the figure of Richard I, whose reign in absentia and exploits on crusade catalyzed talk and textual production long after his death, and whose cultural legacy was harnessed to various ends, including to create a sense of national identity during the Hundred Years War. Two chapters are devoted to legal and visual sources, backed up by their contexts in a range of documents, while three others discuss the Middle English romance of Richard Coeur de Lion, preserved in one fragment and seven manuscripts spanning the early fourteenth to the late fifteenth centuries. Underpinning this emphasis on the Richard Coeur de Lion corpus is the belief that 'engaging with each manuscript copy of a text is essential to the praxis of close reading, historical studies, and manuscript studies' (p. 13). In the introduction, Libbon makes the case for an approach to literary history centering on talk. For her, the relationship between unwritten and written discourse is one of mutual influence: talking prompts writing, which elicits discussion and debate. Talk, Libbon argues, may be recovered by 'cross-reading different media in simultaneous circulation in a particular time and place' (p. 8) and by studying the variations among manuscript copies of a given work, for 'each manuscript copy in a textual tradition is a product of choice and relativism that preserves and responds to local talk and common knowledge or cultural memory' (p. 9). Each of the five chapters develops an aspect of her methodology. Chapter One opens the analysis counterintuitively, yet effectively, not with medieval talk but with modern scholarly talk about Richard Coeur de Lion, disseminated at conferences and preserved in articles, books, and editions. Libbon [End Page 155] argues that the scholarly tendency to focus on the more fantastical episodes of the Richard Coeur de Lion tradition (those featuring the king's demonic mother and acts of cannibalism, in particular) and to view the development of this tradition as one of consolidation (from fragmentary, historical base to 'complete' narrative, merging history and fantasy) paints a misleading picture of the extant manuscript evidence. This distortion may in part be ascribed to the shortcomings of the only published critical edition of the romance, the Austrian philologist Karl Brunner's 1913 Richard Löwenherz. This edition, Libbon shows, was influenced by talk circulating in Vienna at the time of its production, some of it by way of nineteenth-century England and Scotland. While otherwise persuasive, this chapter would have benefited from engagement with work that departs from dominant scholarly trends in either sidelining the cannibalism episodes (Lee Manion's Narrating the Crusades [2014]) or discussing their lack of popularity in late medieval England (my 'Violence, Excess, and the Composite Emotional Rhetoric of Richard Coeur de Lion' [2017]). The second chapter turns to the late thirteenth century, when Edward I's quo warranto statute required of royal subjects that they demonstrate in court continuous ancestral use of their lands and privileges since the reign of Richard. Focusing on verbatim and officially redacted legal testimonies, among other sources, Libbon argues that Edward's legislation gave rise to widespread, class-crossing public talk about the time of King Richard, which became a touchstone in the formation of individual and collective identities. Chapter Three discusses the uncaptioned battle images of Oxford, Christ Church, MS 92, an early fourteenth-century adaptation of the Secreta Secretorum made for Edward III. Libbon draws on visual, textual, and material evidence to reconstruct the talk and rumors that would have prompted contemporary readers to identify these images with Richard's siege of Acre in 1191 during the Third Crusade. The last two chapters challenge scholarship that views Richard Coeur de Lion as the product of aggregation and consolidation, from fragmentary to complete version, proposing instead that each manuscript copy reflects the active...