Paper-Based Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Platforms: Integrating the Versatility of Paper Microfluidics with Accuracy of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests

Abstract

Paper-based diagnostics offer a promising alternative to traditional diagnostic methods for point-of-care use due to their low cost, ease of use, portability, rapid results, versatility, and low environmental impact. While paper-based serology tests in the form of lateral flow assays can provide rapid test results for past pathogen exposure, they currently lack the accuracy and sensitivity offered by molecular diagnostic tests such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)—an isothermal nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)—provides PCR-like performance while simultaneously reducing the instrumentation and assay complexity associated with PCR. In this review, we discuss a newly emerging class of paper-based LAMP platforms that integrates the versatility of paper microfluidics with the accuracy of NAATs. Since its first adoption in 2015, we have discussed all paper-based LAMP platforms in terms of the paper substrates, reagent incorporation techniques, paper platform design, heating hardware, detection methods, and sensitivity and specificity of paper-based LAMP assays. We conclude by identifying the current challenges and future prospects of paper-based NAATs.