Abstract
Since the introduction of paper-based analytical devices as potential diagnostic platforms a few decades ago, huge efforts have been made in this field to develop systems suitable for meeting the requirements for the point-of-care (POC) approach. Considerable progress has been achieved in the adaptation of existing analysis methods to a paper-based format, especially considering the chemiluminescent (CL)-immunoassays-based techniques. The implementation of biospecific assays with CL detection and paper-based technology represents an ideal solution for the development of portable analytical devices for on-site applications, since the peculiarities of these features create a unique combination for fitting the POC purposes. Despite this, the scientific production is not paralleled by the diffusion of such devices into everyday life. This review aims to highlight the open issues that are responsible for this discrepancy and to find the aspects that require a focused and targeted research to make these methods really applicable in routine analysis.
Highlights
Immunoassays have been routinely used in laboratories equipped with bulky instrumentation and skilled personnel for the quantification of target analytes for various applications in healthcare, food safety and environmental monitoring
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices provide an alternative platform for liquid transport via capillary forces without the need for external pumps [52] and they can be implemented for multiplexed analysis by adding channels [3]
CL-based biosensors were implemented with a new generation of back-illuminated (BI) Charged coupled device (CCD) integrated with LFIA technologies [73,75,76,80]
Summary
Immunoassays have been routinely used in laboratories equipped with bulky instrumentation and skilled personnel for the quantification of target analytes for various applications in healthcare, food safety and environmental monitoring. A promising approach has been recently reported by Hall et al who developed a shelfstable BL homogenous immunoassay reagent, in which all components were immobilized in a lyophilized cake, based on a Nanoluc complementation reporter system [30] Another limitation to the use of CL and BL detections for paper immunoassays is connected to the requirement of substrate for triggering the luminescent reaction, making more complex the design of the analytical device and increasing its cost. The purpose of this review is to introduce the newest and most significant progress in the field of biosensors based on immunoassays coupled with paper format and CL-BL detection principle, evaluating the great improvements in sensitivity thanks to the use of innovative materials and enhancers and critically highlighting the main hurdles to real-life applicability in order to promote a targeted research for making these devices ready for their effective use
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