Paper-based disposable electrochemical sensor from readily available materials for cost-effective triclosan detection

Abstract

This study introduces a disposable electrochemical sensor fabricated from readily available low-cost materials. The design features a three-electrode electrochemical cell made of a simple graphite dry lubricant and silicone sealant composite, screen-printed onto a sulphite paper substrate. The ideal composite mixture was stablished through factorial design. The sensors were applied to the electroanalytical detection of triclosan, an antimicrobial agent used in personal care products, with concerns about its impact on ecosystems and human health. A subsequent factorial design determined the optimal voltammetric conditions. This approach yielded a method with limits of detection and quantification of 0.05 μmol L–1 and 0.17 μmol L–1, respectively, with a linear range from 0.20 μmol L–1 to 10.30 μmol L–1 for triclosan. The method was successfully applied to analyze triclosan in tap water and personal care products, including toothpaste, mouthwash, and liquid soap, achieving recovery rates ranging from 96 % to 118 %.