Abstract
Here, we discuss the development of a paper-based diagnostic device that is inexpensive, portable, easy-to-use, robust, and capable of running simultaneous tests to monitor a relevant inflammatory protein for clinical diagnoses i.e. C-reactive protein (CRP). In this study, we first attempted to make a paper-based diagnostic device via the wax printing method, a process that was used in previous studies. This device has two distinct advantages: 1) reduced manufacturing and assay costs and operation duration via using wax printing method to define hydrophobic boundaries (for fluidic devices or general POC devices); and, 2) the hydrophilicity of filter paper, which is used to purify and chromatographically correct interference caused by whole blood components with a tiny amount of blood sample (only 5 μL). Diagnosis was based on serum stain length retained inside the paper channels of our device. This is a balanced function between surface tension and chromatographic force following immune reactions (CRP assays) with a paper-embedded biomarker.
Highlights
Advances in real-time monitoring have enhanced clinicians’ ability to provide timely diagnoses via such techniques including pregnancy tests, strip tests, and glucose metering[1]
Low-cost, paper-based diagnostic systems built to detect clinical data have been widely demonstrated in various research communities including analytical chemistry, clinical chemistry, and ELISA assays on a chip; such devices can be used in developing countries or regions that suffer from energy shortages[8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
We suspected that yield rate could be improved with more uniform wax application and found that an oven, rather than a hot plate, produced more uniform wax application and a better yield rate: 12/20 to 14/20
Summary
Advances in real-time monitoring have enhanced clinicians’ ability to provide timely diagnoses via such techniques including pregnancy tests, strip tests (i.e. nitrite, bovine serum albumin, pH ), and glucose metering[1]. When a POC assay must be executed under strict conditions, early detection and treatment are unlikely, especially in developing or underdeveloped regions This exacerbates the quality of care, including follow-up care, and opens the door to medical resource and therapeutic drug misuse and waste. Low-cost, paper-based diagnostic systems built to detect (monitor and quantify, in advance) clinical data have been widely demonstrated in various research communities including analytical chemistry, clinical chemistry, and ELISA assays on a chip (lab on a paper); such devices can be used in developing countries or regions that suffer from energy shortages[8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Serum stain length was affected and determined by an aggregative reaction, i.e., C-protein
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