Pantoea

Abstract

Pan.toe ' a . Gr. adj. pantoios of all sorts and sources; M.L. fem. n. Pantoea [bacteria] from diverse [geographical and ecological] sources. Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Pantoea Straight rods, 0.5–1.3 × 1.0–3.0 µm. Nonencapsulated. Nonsporeforming. Some strains form symplasmata. Most strains are motile and are peritrichously flagellated . Gram negative. Colonies on nutrient agar are smooth, translucent, and more or less convex with entire margins or heterogenous in consistency and adhering to the agar. Colonies are yellow, pale beige to pale reddish yellow, or nonpigmented. Facultatively anaerobic. Oxidase negative. Glucose dehydrogenase and gluconate dehydrogenase are produced and are active without an added cofactor. Acid is produced from the fermentation of D ‐fructose, D ‐galactose, trehalose, and D ‐ribose. Most strains are Voges–Proskauer positive. Lysine and ornithine are not decarboxylated . Urease negative. Pectate is not degraded. H 2 S is not produced from thiosulfate. Optimum temperature 30°C. N ‐acetyl‐ D ‐glucosamine, L ‐aspartate, D ‐fructose, D ‐galactose, D ‐gluconate, D ‐glucosamine, D ‐glucose, L ‐glutamate, glycerol, D ‐mannose, D ‐ribose, and D ‐trehalose are utilized as sole sources of carbon and energy. 5‐Aminovalerate, benzoate, caprate, caprylate, m ‐coumarate, ethanolamine, gentisate, glutarate, histamine, 3‐hydroxybenzoate, 4‐hydroxybenzoate, 3‐hydroxybutyrate, itaconate, maltitol, D ‐melezitose, 1‐ O ‐methyl‐α‐ D ‐glucoside, palatinose, 3‐phenylpropionate, propionate, L ‐sorbose, tricarballylate, tryptamine, D ‐turanose, and L ‐tyrosine are not utilized as sole sources of carbon and energy. Pantoea spp. are isolated from plants, seeds, fruits, soils, water, and from humans (urine, blood, wounds, internal organs), and animals. Some strains are (or have been thought to be) phytopathogenic. The mol % G + C of the DNA is : 49.7–60.6. Type species : Pantoea agglomerans (Ewing and Fife 1975) Gavini Mergaert, Beji, Mielcarek, Izard, Kersters and De Ley 1989b, 343 ( Enterobacter agglomerans (Beijerinck 1888) Ewing and Fife 1972, 10.)