Abstract
High-precision indoor three-dimensional maps are a prerequisite for building information models, indoor location-based services, etc., but the indoor mapping solution is still in the stage of technological experiment and application scenario development. In this paper, indoor mapping equipment integrating a three-axis laser scanner and panoramic camera is designed, and the corresponding workflow and critical technologies are described. First, hardware design and software for controlling the operations and calibration of the spatial relationship between sensors are completed. Then, the trajectory of the carrier is evaluated by a simultaneous location and mapping framework, which includes reckoning of the real-time position and attitude of the carrier by a filter fusing the horizontally placed laser scanner data and inertial measurement data, as well as the global optimization by a closed-loop adjustment using a graph optimization algorithm. Finally, the 3D point clouds and panoramic images of the scene are reconstructed from two tilt-mounted laser scanners and the panoramic camera by synchronization of the position and attitude of the carrier. The experiment was carried out in a five-story library using the proposed prototype system; the results demonstrate accuracies of up to 3 cm for 2D maps, and up to 5 cm for 3D maps, and the produced point clouds and panoramic images can be utilized for modeling and further works related to large-scale indoor scenes. Therefore, the proposed system is an efficient and accurate solution for indoor 3D mapping.
Highlights
Humans spend at least 70% of their time indoors, but the cognition of indoor space is far less than that of outdoor space
Building an accurate indoor map quickly is a prerequisite for building information modelling/management (BIM), indoor location-based service (LBS), and augmented and virtual reality applications [1,2,3,4]
In the traditional indoor surveying workflow, the instrument is placed on a tripod at several pre-determined stations, and the data from separate stations is registered into a common reference frame by homonymous points with distinctive features
Summary
Humans spend at least 70% of their time indoors, but the cognition of indoor space is far less than that of outdoor space. With the continuous improvement of the quality of life, 3D spatial information regarding indoor environments is increasingly demanded in various applications, such as risk and disaster management, human trajectory identification, and facility management. In the traditional indoor surveying workflow, the instrument is placed on a tripod at several pre-determined stations, and the data from separate stations is registered into a common reference frame by homonymous points with distinctive features. While this procedure is expected to provide the best accuracy for the resulting point cloud, it has some obvious drawbacks. The surveying process requires skilled personnel and sufficient knowledge of the survey area to pick optimal stations, good network design for marker placement, etc. [5,6,7,8]
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