Abstract
In this paper, we report the extraction and characterization of gelatin from the abundant industrial fishery waste of Pangasius skin and swim bladder and its application as the base material for hard capsule shells. The yield of gelatin ranged between 19 and 23%, content of moisture is 7.6–9.2%, ash is 1.1–1.7%, pH is 4.1–5.2, gel strength is 238–278 bloom, and viscosity is 65–74.7% mP. SDS-PAGE showed all gelatins have chains of α1, α2, and β-peptides. The skin, swim bladder, and mixed gelatins were successfully used in the production of hard capsule shells. The dimensions, weight, disintegration time, and water content properties of the hard capsules from these Pangasius wastes were akin to the standards of commercial capsules.
Highlights
Fish industries generate more than 50% of waste from the total weight of the processed fish [1]
Pangasius skin had a yield of 14.94% with an acidic method and had a yield of 14.30% with the base method [5]. e extraction of gelatin from the catfish swim bladder had a yield of 13.5% with an acidic and base process [9]
Pangasius Waste Materials and Preparation. e frozen Pangasius skin and swim bladder were obtained from the waste of the fish fillet industry located in West Java, Indonesia. e raw materials were cleaned from the meat, fat, and other impurities using a sharp knife and washed with running water. e cleaned product was cut into a square shape with a size of ±1 × 1 cm and stored at a low temperature of −18°C until used. e proximate analysis of this byproduct was conducted, including water, ash, fat, and protein content
Summary
Fish industries generate more than 50% of waste from the total weight of the processed fish [1]. Several studies have successfully reported the extraction of gelatin from the fish byproducts such as tuna skin [3, 4], Pangasius skin [5], and Chinese giant salamander [6]. Gelatin is an animal-based protein derived mostly from the bones and skins of cows and pigs, collected from the slaughterhouse. It has been used in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its ability to form a hydrogel in the pH range, devoid of ionic assistance or other additives [7]. E alternative for these mammalian-based gelatins is gelatin extracted from fish processing wastes including the skin, bone, swim bladder, and scale. Several reports have shown that tropical fish have physicochemical characteristics parallel to bovine and porcine gelatins. e extraction of gelatin from
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