Abstract
In our previous work, the ethanolic extract of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer was successively partitioned using supercritical carbon dioxide at pressures in series to yield residue (R), F1, F2, and F3 fractions. Among them, F3 contained the highest deglycosylated ginsenosides and exerted the strongest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of P. ginseng fractions against cellular oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Viability of adult retinal pigment epithelium-19 (ARPE-19) cells was examined after treatments of different concentrations of fractions followed by exposure to H2O2. Oxidative levels (malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and reactive oxygen species (ROS)) and levels of activity of antioxidant enzymes were assessed. Results showed that F3 could dose-dependently protected ARPE-19 cells against oxidative injury induced by H2O2. F3 at a level of 1 mg/mL could restore the cell death induced by H2O2 of up to 60% and could alleviate the increase in cellular oxidation (MDA, 8-OHdG, and ROS) induced by H2O2. Moreover, F3 could restore the activities of antioxidant enzymes suppressed by H2O2. In conclusion, F3 obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide fractionation could significantly increase the antioxidant capacity of P. ginseng extract. The antioxidant capacity was highly correlated with the concentration of F3.
Highlights
The retinal pigment epithelium is the pigmented cell layer that constitutes the outer blood-retinal barrier
We examined whether extractive fractions of P. ginseng C
The results showed that 100 μM of H2O2 could reduce the cell viability over 90% after exposure to H2O2 for 48 h
Summary
The retinal pigment epithelium is the pigmented cell layer that constitutes the outer blood-retinal barrier. The combination of light and high oxygen consumption puts the retinal pigment epithelial cells under a strong oxidative stress. The oxidative damage of retinal pigment epithelia is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration [1]. Because of its antioxidant activities [6,7,8], P. ginseng has been used for improving the immune system [9] and central nervous system functions, and relieving stress. Studies found that the functionalities of ginseng varied due to the diversities of ginsenoside structures. Studies demonstrated that deglycosylated ginsenosides could exert stronger anti-inflammation, antidepressant-like effects, and anti-cancer activity than protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides [13,14,15]
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