Pan-Himalayan High Altitude Endemic Cliff Bee, Apis laborisa Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae): A Review

Abstract

The high altitude bee, Apis laboriosa Smith significantly differs from the close phylogenetic relative A. dorsata Fabricius in colour and shape of the abdomen, the endophalli of male genitalia, nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial protein coding genes, chemical constituents of the cephalic and abdominal endocrine glands, nesting pattern, foraging and mating behaviour to distinguish them as separate species. They are found to construct single combed exposed nests under rock ledges in altitude ranging from 1200 to 3500 m above mean sea level from northern India to northern Vietnam. Current research trend shows the need of special attention for maximum possible and better quality agricultural and horticultural yield using A. laboriosa as it is known to pollinate a number of crops and fruits. General aspects of A. laboriosa to create sensitivity towards conservation of this species native to high altitude Himalayan foothills before being stressed by honey hunting, changing agricultural practices and crowding of natural enemies have also been focussed here.