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Abstract
The exine morphology of pollen grains of Stachytarpheta indica (Linn.) Vahl, Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl and Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Mill.) Vahl is reported. This study was carried out with a light microscope. Pollen grains from fresh anthers were collected and aceolysed. Statistical analysis used to analyse the data collected include cluster analysis, correlation analysis, similarity and distance indices. The pollen grains are spheroidal to oblate to sub-oblate in shape. They are aperturate, both colpate and porate. Tricolpate types occur most frequently, acolpate, monocolpate, bicolpate and tetracolpate types less frequently. The multicolpate and multiporate attributes in all the species indicate that the genus is not primitive in evolutionary history and this species probably, evolved around in the same time. According to the size, the pollen grains of the genus falls into groups permagna (pollen diameter 100-200 μm) and giganta (pollen diameter greater than 200 μm). S. cayennensis and S. anguistifolia belong to group permagna and S. indica only in the group giganta. This separates S. indica from the other two species. The large pollen grain size in the genus clearly supports the fact that the flowers in the genus are more insect-and-bird pollinated than wind pollinated. The similarity and distance indices of the species showed that S. cayennensis and S. angustifolia are the closest. S. indica is closer to S. angustifolia but farther from S. cayennensis.
Highlights
The genus Stachyterpheta Vahl (Verbenaceae), known as “gervão”, includes about 100 species widely distributed in tropical and subtropical America with few members in tropical Asia, Africa and Oceania, Barbola (2006)
The pollen wall has been a subject of considerable attention, especially in an attempt to establish the evolutionary history of angiosperms (Singh, 2006)
It is known that the earliest angiosperm pollen were without an opening, that is acolpate, the monocolpate types developing later, multicolpate and multiporate pollen grains arising at a later stage (Singh, 2006)
Summary
The genus Stachyterpheta Vahl (Verbenaceae), known as “gervão” , includes about 100 species widely distributed in tropical and subtropical America with few members in tropical Asia, Africa and Oceania, Barbola (2006). The genus is represented by three species in West Africa and in Nigeria: S. cayannensis (Rich.) Vahl., S. indica (Linn.) Vahl. Is a slender-branched annual or perennial, erect subshrub, up to 200 cm tall It is a weed of minor importance in rice fields, but may become a serious weed in pasture land, where it cannot be removed by mowing (Soerjani et al, 1987). Is an erect, sparsely-branched shrub (Stone, 1970) It is a common and important weed of crops, pastures, plantations, roadsides and wasteland, and occurs as a minor weed in most other places. It grows best in deep, moist, fertile, disturbed soil (Swarbrick, 1997)
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