Palmyra Palm tree biomass-derived carbon low-voltage plateau region capacity on Na-ion battery and its full cell performance

Abstract

Biomass-derived carbon has been proven to be a reliable negative electrode material for cost-effective sodium-ion battery assembly. Although biomass carbons appropriate for the sodium ion insertion and de-insertion in its randomly arranged graphitic structure, though, to obtain a plateau region capacity remains a challenge. Because the anode low-voltage plateau region capacity is highly influenced by the cell voltage and reversible Na+ intercalation. In this work, biomass carbon is produced from fiber-rich palmyra palm tree (PP-C) leaf stalk by simple carbonization. As prepared PP-C degree of graphitic behavior and surface morphology is examined by X-ray diffraction pattern and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. The PP-C exhibited irregular microparticles and appropriate d002 spacing (3.9 Å) for Na+ ion intercalation. The obtained PP-C specific surface area and pore sizes are 190 m2 g−1 and 4–24 nm, respectively. The exchange current density (I0) of PP-C anode fresh cell and after discharge/charge (100 cycles) calculated 0.057 and 0.048 mA cm−1, respectively. The unique porous nature and extended interlayer distance of PP-C revealed a capacity of 255 mAh g−1 (C/50) and high coulombic efficiency (CE) of 97% and cyclic stability to be 60%. The excellent Na+ intercalation-deintercalation property of PP-C anode paired with a cathode Na3V2(PO4)3 and were assembled as a full-cell sodium-ion battery which demonstrates that the feasibility of high stable average operating voltage 3.35 V. As-fabricated PP-C//Na3V2(PO4)3 full-cell exhibited low polarization approximately 39 mV. From this finding, we believe that the PP-C anode material is promising for sodium-ion battery practical applications.