Abstract
Ponding system or land application techniques are widely used at industrial scale to treat palm oil mill effluent (POME) prior to discharge to the environment. POME is considered as one of the major problems that has generated voluminously from the palm oil industries. The main purpose of this article is to organize the scattered available information on various aspects and a wide range of promising current POME treatments including biological microorganisms, physicochemical methods of coagulation, and membrane and thermochemical process. In addition, the integrated system of anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor (IAAB), which has been touted as highly efficient with easy control at acceptable temperature range and shorter treatment time, has potential to be exploited for POME treatment. The main influencing factors for IAAB POME treatment are highlighted as outstanding characteristics for challenges and future prospects.
Highlights
Palm oil is recognized as high-quality oil used popularly and primarily for cooking in developing countries
The main aim of this review is to provide a summary of recent topics concerning the optimum treatment output with low chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solid (TSS), and colour with short treatment time
The Palm oil mill effluent (POME) served as the reaction medium, whereas the empty fruit bunch (EFB) acted as the main substrate
Summary
Palm oil is recognized as high-quality oil used popularly and primarily for cooking in developing countries. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) exists in forms of high solid, oil, and grease and includes biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in richness. These are major concerns in environmental pollutant due to their adverse effects to many forms of life [1]. In major oil palm-producing nations such as Indonesia and Malaysia, the production of CPO has resulted in an annual production of up to 3 billion pounds of POME. POME exists as viscous and brownish liquid containing approximately more than 95–96% of water, together with 0.6–0.7% of oils and 2–4% of suspended solids for the source of fruit debris, and is known as a non-toxic substance [5]. Among all mooted POME treatment processes, only a final selection of 124 papers fostering the most effective treatment processes was identified and included as references
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