Abstract
Tissue culture comprises several techniques for the mass propagation of selected genotypes. In the case of palms, the most promising and efficient micropropagation technique is somatic embryogenesis. Ever since somatic embryogenesis was first induced in oil palm several decades ago, 19 palm species have been induced to develop somatic embryos from several types of explants. Optimization of somatic embryo multiplication protocols has been the central focus of research, but embryo maturation and conversion remains poorly-studied in many palm species. This review summarizes the advances made in both the study and optimization of palm somatic embryogenesis (SE) protocols. Explant choice and inoculation method, media components, culture method, histology of early somatic embryogenesis, gene expression, biochemical changes, embryo maturation and conversion, and acclimatization of regenerated plantlets are presented and critically discussed.
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