Abstract
The Fe3O4@L-Threonine-Pd complex, comprising palladium supported on modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), has been documented for its use in Stille and Suzuki coupling reactions. The catalyst's environmental friendliness was assessed through a range of techniques including vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy dispersive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Using an external magnet, it is easy to separate nanoparticles from the mixture. The nanocatalyst underwent Metal leaching and heterogeneity testing using the ICP-OES technique, demonstrating its ability to be recovered and reused multiple times without a significant loss of catalytic efficiency or palladium leaching.
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